In plant communities today, leaf morphology is correlated with mean annual temperature, so paleobotanists use fossil leaf morphology to estimate the mean annual temperature of paleoclimates. However, the angiosperm fossil record contains an overabundance of samples fossilized near lakes or rivers where vines are especially common. Since vine leaves have […]

History: A 20 year old female presented to her general practitioner (GP) after suffering from a 24 hour bout of a productive cough which had got worse throughout the night. She was previously fit and well and visited the gym regularly. She was asked to provide a sputum sample by […]

Part I – The Symptoms Imagine that you work at the medical examiner’s office for a major metropolitan city. As Chief Medical Offi cer, you investigate suspicious deaths and provide toxicology services for the county. Unfortunately, it’s been a busy week. In the past five days, seven people have died, […]

1. How are keystone species linked to species richness? Provide an example of a keystone species.2. Provide a specific example of how a trophic level in a food chain might occasionally interact with another food chain and in doing so, become part of a larger food web. You may make […]