As humoral responses progress, the average affinity of the antibodies produced rises, in a process known as “affinity maturation.” This seems at odds with at least one aspect of the clonal selection hypothesis, since the notion of “clonal integrity” implies that the progeny of an activated lymphocyte retain the specificity […]

The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 banned both corporations and labor unions from using general treasury funds to make contributions to candidates and from using independent expenditures for “electioneering communications.” This law was challenged by Citizens United, Inc., in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 558 U.S. 50, 130 […]

Summarization of the unique embedded video in the lab that assigned to you. What was the name of the learning lab that assigned to You? Who was in that video? What are their qualifications? What did they say? How does that relate to what was taught in the concept, animation and gallery […]

1. Can some explain the penetrance and expressivity to me, and how the relate to the field of genetics. 2. Can anyone explain to me how the external and internalenvironment can affect gene expression 3. What are sex-limited and sex influenced traits? 4. If (almost) all cells contain the same […]