1. What is microbiota? How is it effective in protecting us from pathogens? 2. How skin and mucous membranes protect us from microbial diseases? 3. Define and contrast specific and non-specific immune responses. Explain what the main differences are. 4. Define the main sequence of host defenses. 5. Describe main […]

Options 1: Crime Scene Forensics In recent years, law enforcement has been revolutionized by molecular biology. When human tissues are left behind at crime scenes, these tissues can be collected and processed to yield samples of DNA, which can then be treated to isolate specific DNA fragments that are highly […]

Birds 1. What are the major morphological features of birds? 2. In which habitat do birds live? 3. What are flight adaptations present by birds? 4. What are pneumatic bones? 5. How is the respiratory system of birds characterized? 6. How is the circulatory system of birds characterized? 7. Which […]

An Hfr strain (arg+, bio+, leu+) is mated to an F- strain (arg-, bio-, leu-). Assume that this Hfr strain transfers arg+ last. You grow the exconjugants on arg- media, supplemented with leu+ and bio+. You recover 423 arg+ exconjugants. These are tested individually for bio and leu and you […]