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Q. Most biologists believe that immune system’s defense against infections largely rests on its ability to distinguish self molecules from nonself molecules. This concept seems central to our understanding of immune function. However, like all scientific ideas, it is not beyond question. Some immunologists have developed an alternative hypothesis: that […]

Q.1. Many aquatic invertebrates, like fishing spiders and water striders, can walk on surface of water. How are they able to do this and why can’t we? 2. The shape of a protein is frequently very important to how it works. For example, on the surface of some human immune […]

1. For Part A, please explain in detail the results in Data Analysis and why they turned out as they did? 2. For Part B, please explain in detail the results in Data Analysis and why they turned out as they did? 3. One of the simple sugars (galactose or […]

Protozoal pathogens trick the immune system; the life cycle of a protist or fungal pathogen is tricky to learn; infections by eukaryotic pathogens are tricky to treat and raising funds for vaccine development is tricky to accomplish! It should be clear from your review of the learning materials in this […]