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A complete motor neuron is removed from a frog and placed in a large volume of modified extracellular saline. The neuron is healthy; it has a stable resting voltage of -70 millivolts. It is not producing any action potentials; its threshold for an action potential is -50 millivolts. The only […]

A 27-year old white female presented at the walking clinic of her local physician on August 15. On physical exam, the patient had a fever of 38.5C. She appeared fatigued, had tender joints, and complained of a headache, a stiff neck and a backache. The physician noticed a circular “rash” […]

The rule of independent assortment states that alleles of one gene can segregate independently of alleles of other genes. In other words, the allele you pass on for one trait (for example, eye color) does not have any effect on the allele you pass on for some other trait (for […]

Things to know or review: 1. Describe the role of positive & negative feedback in the regulation of the immune response. Compare the 3 lines of immune defense, what happens to our immune response to pathogens if one line of defense fails? 2. Can the presence of non-pathogenic bacteria on […]