NADH and FADH2 are both electron carriers that donate their electrons to the electron transport chain. The electrons ultimately reduce O2 to water in the final step of electron transport. However, the amount of ATP made by electrons from an NADH molecule is greater than the amount made by electrons […]

Movement of chloride ions across the cell membrane from the the outside of nerve cells to the inside has a delta-G of about 1.1 kcal/mol even in the presence of a gradient. Why is the gradient alone not enough to get the ions into the cell? (Think about how delta-G […]

You scoop up a water sample from a local pond nearby, because you are curious about the possible microbes that might live there.  After looking at several slides that held drops of the sample, you noticed two different kinds of cells:  One kind was very small and had no separate […]

Question:  What are the four main types of proteins found in blood plasma and what are their functions? Question:  Explain why is type O blood considered the universal donor? What would happen if a person who was a type B blood type was transfused with type A blood type and […]