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What is a gene? The term “gene” was coined over a 100 years ago by Johansson and our understanding of what a gene is has obviously changed over the years with the advent of molecular biological techniques, large scale sequencing programs including ENCODE, etc. Additionally, genetics is a very wide […]

Explain how CO2 enters leaves. What environmental factors control stomatal movement? How are these factors related to physical and chemical properties that control the opening and closing of stomata? What are primary stages in the photosynthetic carbon reduction (PCR) cycle? Explain the role of each stage. Draw a diagram of […]

Discussion 1. Describe how and why both types of adaptive immunity can cause problems with organ transplantation 2. Discuss how the body works to recognize your own cells and to differentiate them from foreign body cells. 3. Describe two of the four varieties of grafts (autografts, isografts, allografts, and xenografts) […]

1) The integrity of the plasma membrane is essential for cellular survival. Could the immune system utilize this fact to destroy foreign cells that have invaded the body? How might cells of the immune system disrupt membranes of foreign cells? (Two hints: virtually all cells can secrete proteins, and some […]