1. The P/O ratio for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is the number of ATP molecules that are synthesized for each two electrons that enter the electron transport pathway. Under normal conditions, the P/O ratio is approximately 2.5. [The derivation of this number will be explained in class, though it is not […]

One problem that the EU appears to have problems with is the fact that the member countries have different opinions on how things should be accomplished.  For instance according to Peng, members have been debating on if the EU should be economic and political or just economic, while after the […]

An investigation was set up to observe the effect of varying concentrations of the substrate galactose(S) on the rate of reaction of the kinase,v, with and without an added artificial nucleoside monophosphate (UMP)similar to AMP. Data is given below: rate of reaction v/nmol min^-1 Galactose/umol l^-1 UMP absent UMP present0 […]

The immune system is an amazing instrument of the human body. The value of a healthy immune system means that the body will fight off disease. Vaccination manipulates an important component of the immune system by selectively building immunity against a pathogen that we target, and has played an important […]