There is a stable pH and electrical potential difference across the mitochondrial membrane in actively respiring cells. The pH of the cytoplasm is 6.8, the pH of the mitochondrial matrix (inside) is 8.3, and the transmembrane potential is ?150 mV (inside negative). Calculate the free energy of transport (Gt) to […]

1. If A represents atomic mass and Z represents atomic number, which of the following describes an atom after a proton is emitted from its nucleus? A. A+ 1, Z + 1 B. A-1, Z-1 C. A+ 1, Z-1 D. A-1, Z + 12. A population shows the following annual […]

Cells have several mechanisms to prevent the production and accumulation of truncated protein fragments. To illustrate why these fragments can be deleterious, consider a transcriptional activator protein called Groovy that binds to an enhancer element upstream of the Zippy gene. The Groovy has 2 domains, a DNA-binding domain at its […]

Q1. Orange juice is often touted by nutritionists as being an excellent antioxidant. Within an essay response, discuss the next concepts: an antioxidant’s function, free radicals and their effect on the human body, sources of vitamin C, optimal delivery system for vitamin C, and precautions for use of vitamin C. […]