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1.After reading Nordin et al. ((2009) and Williams et al. (2002), how does the complexity of an ecosystem influence the changes (rate, frequency, duration) within a habitat. How might scale (temporal/ spatial) influence ecosystem complexity? 2. Resetarits (1991) highlighted the role of predatory interaction in determining biotic structure. What are […]

Which pathogen is more difficult to control: A pathogenic virus or bacteria? This course has introduced a variety of disease organisms. Pathogenic bacteria have claimed many lives in third world countries. Bacteria have been controlled through antibiotics, however; resistance to antibiotics has brought back the dangers of disease that was […]

URGENT: Two immune system questions: Activated T-helper cells aid in humoral immune responses by releasing cytokines which promote antibody production, phagocytosis, neutralization and apoptosis. Which parts of this statement are false and why? I know cytokines activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells, and the interferons are cytokines as well. […]

1. Why are there more stomata on the lower surface compared to the upper part of the leaf? 2. What structural advantage is provided to stems that have their vascular tissue arranged in a ring near the periphery of thestem? 3. In what two ways do the stems of corn […]