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By convention, P stands for the parental generation.  The offspring are called the “first filial generation,” abbreviated F1.  If these F1 offspring are crossed, their offspring are called the “second filial generation,” designated F2.  Note the following diagram.             P  X  P       and      F1  X  F1                F1                             […]

Q1. Inspired by what she has learned in biology class, a student decides to make a closer study of what she eats. She uses a razor blade to make a very thin section from a raw potato and mounts it in a drop of water. To her disappointment, she can […]

Fibromyalgia Case Study Cynthia is a 51-year-old woman who was in a car accident ten years ago and suffered a spinal injury. Although in time and with physical therapy she had been able to go back to work as a copy editor, she had to give up hiking and the […]

The hydrologic cycle is made of several factors. The water on the earth’s surface mainly from oceans is released by evaporation and transpiration. As the water travels up into the atmosphere, condensation occurs. Once these water molecules become heavy enough they return to the surface of the earth through precipitation. […]