A. Why do you suppose it took so long for ethologists to focus on the possibility that cultural transmission was an important force in animals? Can you imagine any biases – scientific, ideological, and so on – that might be responsible for this?

B. Imagine that adults in some population of monkeys appeared to pick up new innovations (for example, potato washing, stone play) from observing others. How might you disentangle vertical, horizontal, and oblique cultural transmission as possible explanatory forces?