1) In stenchblossoms, 2 genes control flower color.  The all-recessive phenotype (aabb) is pale green.  The product of the dominant “A” allele converts the flower to pink.  The product of the dominant “B” allele converts the pink pigment to yellow.  A pale green flower named Max mates with a pink flower named Alex.  All the offspring are yellow.  What were the genotypes of the parents?

         a) Max is aabb, Alex is AABB

         b) Max is aabb, Alex is AAbb

         c) Max is aaBB, Alex is AABB

         d) Max is aaBB, Alex is AAbb       

2) The women on planet Vulcan can choose to either reproduce sexually or asexually.  The two continents on the planet are identical except that continent A has a large number of rapid evolving parasites and continent B has relatively few parasites.  What would you expect about the rates of sexual reproduction on the two continents?

a) Continent A should have a lower rate of sex to increase the rate of production of offspring, making it more likely that one will have a mutation that protects against the parasites.  Continent B should have a lower rate so the women can promote genetic diversity between generations.

b) Both continents should have roughly equal rates of sex because the women must balance genetic diversity with passing their own genes on to the next generation.

c) Continent B should have a higher rate of sex to promote diversity between generations.  Continent A should have a lower rate so the women can pass on their own genes more to the next generation by having more offspring.

d) Continent A should have a higher rate to promote diversity between generations.  Continent B should have a lower rate so the women can pass on their own genes more to the next generation by having more offspring.

3) In an environment with high amounts of malaria parasite, the sickle cell hemoglobin allele is more common than in areas without malaria.  What is the most likely explanation of this?

a) In an environment with malaria, it provides a heterozygote advantage, in an environment without there is strong selection against it.

b) In an environment without malaria, it provides a heterozygote disadvantage, in an environment with there is strong selection for the homozygous S genotype.

c) Malaria decreases population sizes, allowing genetic drift to cause the S allele to increase in prevalence.

d) Individuals who are homozygous for the “normal” A allele are likely to leave malaria-rich zones (gene flow).

4) In humans, the presence of a “widow’s peak” is an autosomal dominant trait.  In a particular population of humans, the frequency of the dominant (W) allele is 0.1 and the frequency of the recessive (w) allele is 0.9.  If the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what percentage of the population will have a widow’s peak?

                  a) 94%

                  b) 90%

                  c) 81%

                  d) 74%

                  e) 73%

                  f) 48%

                  g) 19%

                  h) 18%

                  i) 9%

                  j) 8%

                  k) 1%

5) primary active transport and secondary active transport differ in that

                  a) In primary active transport only a single molecule is transported across the cell membrane, while in secondary active transport two or more molecules are transported

                  b) In secondary active transport energy is needed to bring molecules across the membrane, while in primary active transport the molecules move across by diffusion

                  c) In primary active transport a single channel couples the hydrolysis of ATP to transfer of molecules across the membrane, while in secondary active transport two channels couple the creation of an electrochemical gradient with the transport of a different molecule across the membrane.

                  d) In primary active transport, the transported molecule moved across the membrane provides the energy for its transfer, while in secondary active transport the  use of ATP is coupled to the movement of the target molecule across the membrane.

6)  Explain how and why the translation of a mitochondrial membrane protein differs from the translation of a plasma membrane protein.