A Type I survivorship curve is level at first, with a rapid increase in mortality in old age. This type of curve is

a. typical of many invertebrates that produce large numbers of offspring 

b. typical of humans and other large mammals

c. is the point where the population growth begins to slow due to the Allee effect 

d. is the period when competition for resources is the highest

e. is the period when the population growth rate is the highest