Topic: Policy: Smoking

Order Description

talk about smoking with adolescents. It can discuss how it was portrayed to the media in the movies and during war times and now how its advertised (commercials, ads,etc.)  Its okay to start with history of tobacco and smoking.

-Abstract ½ page-1 page
-Background 2 pages
-Statement of the problem 2-3 pages
-Purpose of the Study 2-3 pages
-Limitations of the Study 1-2 pages
-Research Questions 1 page (A minimum of 8-10 questions)
Questions:
– What is smoking?
– What policy should be changed?
– What new policy could be put into effect?
– What are the side effects/treatment of smoking?
– History of smoking?
– How can we prevent smoking?
– What age and ethnicities affected by smoking?
– What do most people smoke?
– Why do most people smoke?
– What laws are against smoking?
– Has the media been influential with preventing smoking?

-Design and Methodology 1 page
-Data Collection 2-3 pages
-Begin your paper Remainder pages

Background

Start your study by asking general questions:

What is your main research question?

What do you wish to pursue?

Why do you wish to pursue this issue?

Why is it important to study this topic?

Statement of The Problem

What is the problem?

What should be done to better understand the problem?

What has been done by others who examined the topic of interest to you? Is there a vast literature or is it limited?

What are the contributing or mitigating factors?

How do you propose tackling this problem?

What are the minor questions, which flow out of the major question that you wish to explore? Are there sub-
questions that flow from your primary question? Should you address those also?

Is your focus too broad? Too narrow?

What is the context and background?

Who else, besides yourself, believes that there is a problem that warrants investigating?

Why does this—the subject or topic—matter? In other words, why should this study be conducted.

Purpose of The Study

What and why you wish to pursue this topic.

A. “The purpose statement should provide a specific and accurate synopsis of the overall purpose of the study”

(Locke, Spirduso, & Silverman, 1987, p. 5). If the purpose is not clear to the writer, it cannot be clear to the

reader.

B. Briefly define and delimit the specific area of the research. You will revisit this in greater detail in a later section.

C. Foreshadow the hypotheses to be tested or the questions to be raised, as well as the significance of the study.

These will require specific elaboration in subsequent sections.

D. Key points to keep in mind when preparing a purpose statement.

1. Try to incorporate a sentence that begins with “The purpose of this study is . . .”This will clarify your own

mind as to the purpose and it will inform the reader directly and explicitly.

2. Clearly identify and define the central concepts or ideas of the study. Some committee Chairs prefer a

separate section to this end. When defining terms, make a judicious choice between using descriptive or

operational definitions.

3. Identify the specific method of inquiry to be used.

4. Identify the unit of analysis in the study.

Limitations of The Study

All studies have limitations. However, it is important that you restrict your discussion to limitations related to

the research problem under investigation. For example, if a meta-analysis of existing literature is not a stated

purpose of your research, it should not be discussed as a limitation. Do not apologize for not addressing issues

that you did not promise to investigate in your paper.

Here are examples of limitations you may need to describe and to discuss how they possibly impacted your

findings. Descriptions of limitations should be stated in the past tense.

Possible Methodological Limitations

Sample size — the number of the units of analysis you use in your study is dictated by the type of research problem

you are investigating. Note that, if your sample size is too small, it will be difficult to find significant relationships

from the data, as statistical tests normally require a larger sample size to ensure a representative distribution of the

population and to be considered representative of groups of people to whom results will be generalized or

transferred.

Lack of available and/or reliable data — a lack of data or of reliable data will likely require you to limit the scope

of your analysis, the size of your sample, or it can be a significant obstacle in finding a trend and a meaningful

relationship. You need to not only describe these limitations but to offer reasons why you believe data is missing or

is unreliable. However, do not just throw up your hands in frustration; use this as an opportunity to describe the

need for future research.

Lack of prior research studies on the topic — citing prior research studies forms the basis of your literature

review and helps lay a foundation for understanding the research problem you are investigating. Depending on the

currency or scope of your research topic, there may be little, if any, prior research on your topic. Before assuming

this to be true, consult with a librarian! In cases when a librarian has confirmed that there is a lack of prior

research, you may be required to develop an entirely new research typology [for example, using an exploratory

rather than an explanatory research design]. Note that this limitation can serve as an important opportunity to

describe the need for further research.

Measure used to collect the data — sometimes it is the case that, after completing your interpretation of the

findings, you discover that the way in which you gathered data inhibited your ability to conduct a thorough analysis

of the results. For example, you regret not including a specific question in a survey that, in retrospect, could have

helped address a particular issue that emerged later in the study. Acknowledge the deficiency by stating a need in

future research to revise the specific method for gathering data.

Self-reported data — whether you are relying on pre-existing self-reported data or you are conducting a qualitative

research study and gathering the data yourself, self-reported data is limited by the fact that it rarely can be

independently verified. In other words, you have to take what people say, whether in interviews, focus groups, or

on questionnaires, at face value. However, self-reported data contains several potential sources of bias that should

be noted as limitations: (1) selective memory (remembering or not remembering experiences or events that

occurred at some point in the past); (2) telescoping [recalling events that occurred at one time as if they occurred at

another time]; (3) attribution [the act of attributing positive events and outcomes to one’s own agency but

attributing negative events and outcomes to external forces]; and, (4) exaggeration [the act of representing

outcomes or embellishing events as more significant than is actually suggested from other data].

Possible Limitations of the Researcher

Access — if your study depends on having access to people, organizations, or documents and, for whatever reason,

access is denied or otherwise limited, the reasons for this needs to be described.

Longitudinal effects — unlike your professor, who can literally devote years [even a lifetime] to studying a single

research problem, the time available to investigate a research problem and to measure change or stability within a

sample is constrained by the due date of your assignment. Be sure to choose a topic that does not require an

excessive amount of time to complete the literature review, apply the methodology, and gather and interpret the

results. If you are unsure, talk to your professor.

Cultural and other type of bias — we all have biases, whether we are conscience of them or not. Bias occurs

when a person, place, or thing is viewed or shown in a consistently inaccurate way. It is usually negative, though

one can have a positive bias as well. When proofreading your paper, be especially critical in reviewing how you

have stated a problem, selected the data to be studied, what may have been omitted, and the manner in which you

have ordered events. Consider how you have chosen to represent a person, place or thing, to name a

phenomenon, or to use possible words with a positive or negative connotation. Note that if you detect bias in prior

research, it must be acknowledged and you should explain what measures were taken to avoid perpetuating bias.

Research Questions

This section will include the research questions that will drive your study. You should have 8-10 questions.

Design and Methodology

The methods section of a research paper provides the information by which a study’s validity is judged. The

method section answers two main questions: 1) How was the data collected or generated? 2) How was it

analyzed? The writing should be direct and precise and written in the past tense. You must explain how you

obtained and analyzed your results for the following reasons:

Readers need to know how the data was obtained because the method you choose affects the results and, by

extension, how you likely interpreted those results.

Methodology is crucial for any branch of scholarship because an unreliable method produces unreliable

results and it misappropriates interpretations of findings.

In most cases, there are a variety of different methods you can choose to investigate a research problem. Your

methodology section of your paper should make clear the reasons why you chose a particular method or

procedure.

The reader wants to know that the data was collected or generated in a way that is consistent with accepted

practice in the field of study. For example, if you are using a questionnaire, readers need to know that it offered

your respondents a reasonable range of answers to choose from.

The research method must be appropriate to the objectives of the study. For example, be sure you have a

large enough sample size to be able to generalize and make recommendations based upon the findings.

The methodology should discuss the problems that were anticipated and the steps you took to prevent them

from occurring. For any problems that did arise, you must describe the ways in which their impact was

minimized or why these problems do not affect the findings in any way that impacts your interpretation of the

data.

Often in social science research, it is useful for other researchers to adapt or replicate your methodology.

Therefore, it is important to always provide sufficient information to allow others to use or replicate the

study. This information is particularly important when a new method had been developed or an innovative use of

an existing method has been utilized.

http://flash1r.apa.org/apastyle/basics/data/resources/sample-method.pdf

Data Collection

Outline the general plan for collecting the data. This may include survey administration procedures,

interview or observation procedures. Include an explicit statement covering the field controls to be

employed.

http://people.uwec.edu/piercech/ResearchMethods/Data%20collection%20methods/DATA%20COLLECT

ION%20METHODS.htm

Table of Contents

This section should be done last. Your page numbers may change due to formatting.

Begin Your Paper

You will start answering each of your research questions in this section. Each research question should yield 2-3

pages.

Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations

Repeat some of the same information found in Section / Chapter I—a general overview of the topic (very, very,

brief) purpose of the study; major question and minor questions as they relate to the topic under examination.

Discussion about what you found. Be careful not to repeat information recorded in the results section / chapter.

Only include what is relevant to your discussion and analysis, particularly any hypotheses you may have had.

Focus on your main results or primary findings.

Address the questions posed—use the data from your analysis to answer the questions for your study.

Draw some conclusions about what you found. It is acceptable to do some speculation in this section / chapter

related to your findings, but it should be objective and should flow from the literature and your results.

Shortcomings.

Provide a brief concluding or summarizing section / chapter.

Provide some recommendations for further study.

Paper: Background
Main research question:
A.    How does public policy present to the public the negative effects of smoking?
B.    trends and certain policies have decreased or increased the use of tobacco
C.    Public policy has influenced people not to smoke.
D.    It is important to study this topic because despite the awareness, the regulations and public policies, many continue to smoke.
II Statement of the
A. What is the problem? Statistics of the fatalities of tobacco compared with other drugs.
B. Why do they continue to smoke? Not accepted and allowed in many places.
C. (Professional Opinions on this topic)
D. Talk about ads about cigarette smoking.
E. Kids looking more into Dare Programs… See what ways have been effective.  Anyone that advertises wellness should not sell tobacco.
F.  State of NJ policies- How they feel about smoking.
G.  Focus too broad or too narrow- NO bc focusing on children from ages 3-10 educating them on what to do.  What group has the most issues with smoking.
H. History of Tobacco
I. CVS removed cigarettes, Police Dept,
J. Expound more on the effects. Public policy has reached the end. There is no more about stopping is now more educating. Opening up more programs for smokers.
III. Purpose of the Study
A.    Thesis statement…
There are no more possible ways to regulate the use of tobacco, however, the use of Dare problems and tobacco awareness can continue to be as a preventative measure and a way for children to share knowledge with loved ones and community.

POLICY- Make it mandatory for public, private, and home schooling children to learn about the negative effects of the use of tobacco

IV Limitations of the Study
V.
VI Design and Methodology
VII
http://healthliteracy.worlded.org/docs/tobacco/Unit1/3economics_of.html
http://www.njgasp.org/legislation-litigation/nj-state-federal-tobacco-control-laws/#fedlaws

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