State and religion were earlier tied together by government laws. Secularism is separating religion from state matters (Secularism 1). It is characteristic of the modern age, when people have gained courage to question religion (Secularism 1). Its proponents are enlightenment thinkers like James Madson. The thinkers come from different backgrounds like Muslim world (Ibn Rushid) and the Greeks like Marcus Aurelius.

Secularism helps in democratization. Europe benefited from it. It is playing a major role in the Arab nations (Secularism 2). Some argue that secularism disjoints people from the state (Ram 58). Evidence shows that secularism has affected church attendance in Europe (Kuru 14). Its practice can either bring positive or negative results (Kuru 17).

Secularism is on the rise in the Middle East, and colonization gave it an upper hand (Zonis& Joseph 440). They also argue that mandates were established in 1918 by Commissariat of Muslims to oppose the colonial powers. In the Middle East, secularism is attached to oppression. Islam political parties are treated with authoritarian measures to prevent their take over (Adnijir 56). According to Ram, secularism is a political ideology of eroding culture and people’s traditions in order to rule them, as it is being done in France (55).

Ram argues that secularism has been embraced differently in different nations. In Russia it has been modified to fit in their culture, in Italy it is deeply practiced to an extent that is leading to dictatorship by the ruling class (57). In England, Christianity is regarded secularism; in the USA, it is less of a religion (Adnijir 68).

Secularism has both positive results and negative results (Adnijir 73). Some of the positive results are urbanization and civilization. An example of the negative result is dominance of other religions by one religion like in Russia (Ram 60)