SPSS Output
Use the study information and SPSS output file provided to answer the questions listed.  Answer must be in an APA formatted.
Study Description:
A college is interested in the differences between the various course delivery methods on their students’ statistical skills learning.  Eight students are randomly selected from each of the following delivery methods from the introductory statistics courses offered: online, face-to-face, and hybrid (combination of online and face-to-face).  All students are given a Statistical Skills Test (SST) at the end of the course, and these students’ scores are collected.  This test is a 100 item test; each question is worth 1 pt.  Though some speculate that the face-to-face delivery will result in higher scores than the other two groups, they will evaluate all possible differences.
Output file:  See attached Document File Titled “Article SPP Output pdf”
Questions to answer: each area has been highlighted separately and answer separately:
Abstract
Introduction: very succinct with thesis statement
Summary and Analysis
Research Question – List the research question for the study.
Hypotheses – List the statistical notation and written explanations for the null and alternative hypotheses for the study.
Variables – Identify the variables and each of their attributes: discrete or continuous, quantitative or categorical, scale of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio), and independent or dependent.
Descriptive statistics – Write an overview of the descriptive statistics (1 paragraph), including the appropriate and necessary statistical results within sentences and in proper APA formatting.  Be sure to provide sufficient explanation for any numbers presented.  In addition, consider the following in your overview and conclusions:
o    How many individuals participated in the study?
o    How do the measures of central tendency and variability  provide us with an overview of the characteristics and shape of the  distribution for interval and ratio variables? What are these statistics? Why  should we ignore and not report these measures for nominal and ordinal  variables?
ANOVA – Write an overview of the results of the ANOVA (1-2 paragraphs plus ANOVA table), including the appropriate and necessary statistical results within sentences and in proper APA formatting.  Be sure to provide sufficient explanation for any numbers presented and  consider the following in your overview and conclusions:
o    What type of ANOVA was conducted? Why?
o    Should a post-hoc test have been conducted?  Why or why not?  If so, what were the results of this test?
o    What do the results tell us about our hypotheses?
o    What conclusions can we draw from these results?  What conclusions can we NOT make using these results?
o    What issues regarding how the data was collected, either in relation to ethics or research design, should be considered in the interpretation of the data?
Conclusion
References

Week 3 – SPSS Output
Data Entered

Participant  Class
Statistical Skills Test
(SST)
1  Online  80
2  Online  90
3  Online  78
4  Online  85
5  Online  89
6  Online  77
7  Online  83
8  Online  83
9  Face-to-face  95
10  Face-to-face  83
11  Face-to-face  86
12  Face-to-face  92
13  Face-to-face  74
14  Face-to-face  84
15  Face-to-face  98
16  Face-to-face  79
17  Hybrid  87
18  Hybrid  81
19  Hybrid  91
20  Hybrid  82
21  Hybrid  75
22  Hybrid  88
23  Hybrid  76
24  Hybrid  86

Week 3 – SPSS Output
Descriptive Statistics

Statistics

Class type
Statistics Skills
Test
N  Valid  24  24
Missing  0  0
Mean  2.00  84.25
Std. Error of Mean  .170  1.284
Median  2.00  83.50
Mode  1
a
83
Std. Deviation  .834  6.292
Variance  .696  39.587
Skewness  .000  .318
Std. Error of Skewness  .472  .472
Kurtosis  -1.568  -.366
Std. Error of Kurtosis  .918  .918
Range  2  24
Minimum  1  74
Maximum  3  98
Percentiles  25  1.00  79.25
50  2.00  83.50
75  3.00  88.75
a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown

Week 3 – SPSS Output

Descriptives
Class type  Statistic  Std. Error
Statistics Skills Test  Online  Mean  83.13  1.684
95% Confidence Interval for
Mean
Lower Bound  79.14

Upper Bound  87.11

5% Trimmed Mean  83.08

Median  83.00

Variance  22.696

Std. Deviation  4.764

Minimum  77

Maximum  90

Range  13

Interquartile Range  10

Skewness  .246  .752
Kurtosis  -1.153  1.481
Face  Mean  86.38  2.884
95% Confidence Interval for
Mean
Lower Bound  79.55

Upper Bound  93.20

5% Trimmed Mean  86.42

Median  85.00

Variance  66.554

Std. Deviation  8.158

Minimum  74

Maximum  98

Range  24

Interquartile Range  14

Skewness  .015  .752
Kurtosis  -.924  1.481
Hybrid  Mean  83.25  2.033
95% Confidence Interval for
Mean
Lower Bound  78.44

Upper Bound  88.06

5% Trimmed Mean  83.28

Median  84.00

Variance  33.071

Std. Deviation  5.751

Minimum  75

Maximum  91

Range  16

Interquartile Range  11

Skewness  -.310  .752
Kurtosis  -1.203  1.481
Week 3 – SPSS Output
Frequency Tables

Class type

Frequency  Percent  Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid  Online  8  33.3  33.3  33.3
Face  8  33.3  33.3  66.7
Hybrid  8  33.3  33.3  100.0
Total  24  100.0  100.0

Statistics Skills Test

Frequency  Percent  Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid  74  1  4.2  4.2  4.2
75  1  4.2  4.2  8.3
76  1  4.2  4.2  12.5
77  1  4.2  4.2  16.7
78  1  4.2  4.2  20.8
79  1  4.2  4.2  25.0
80  1  4.2  4.2  29.2
81  1  4.2  4.2  33.3
82  1  4.2  4.2  37.5
83  3  12.5  12.5  50.0
84  1  4.2  4.2  54.2
85  1  4.2  4.2  58.3
86  2  8.3  8.3  66.7
87  1  4.2  4.2  70.8
88  1  4.2  4.2  75.0
89  1  4.2  4.2  79.2
90  1  4.2  4.2  83.3
91  1  4.2  4.2  87.5
92  1  4.2  4.2  91.7
95  1  4.2  4.2  95.8
98  1  4.2  4.2  100.0
Week 3 – SPSS Output
Statistics Skills Test

Frequency  Percent  Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid  74  1  4.2  4.2  4.2
75  1  4.2  4.2  8.3
76  1  4.2  4.2  12.5
77  1  4.2  4.2  16.7
78  1  4.2  4.2  20.8
79  1  4.2  4.2  25.0
80  1  4.2  4.2  29.2
81  1  4.2  4.2  33.3
82  1  4.2  4.2  37.5
83  3  12.5  12.5  50.0
84  1  4.2  4.2  54.2
85  1  4.2  4.2  58.3
86  2  8.3  8.3  66.7
87  1  4.2  4.2  70.8
88  1  4.2  4.2  75.0
89  1  4.2  4.2  79.2
90  1  4.2  4.2  83.3
91  1  4.2  4.2  87.5
92  1  4.2  4.2  91.7
95  1  4.2  4.2  95.8
98  1  4.2  4.2  100.0
Total  24  100.0  100.0

Week 3 – SPSS Output
Histograms

Week 3 – SPSS Output
ANOVA Analysis

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable:Statistics Skills Test
Source
Type III Sum of
Squares  df
Mean
Square  F  Sig.
Partial Eta
Squared
Noncent.
Parameter
Observed
Power
b

Corrected Model  54.250
a
2  27.125  .665  .525  .060  1.331  .147
Intercept  170353.500  1  170353.500  4178.013  .000  .995  4178.013  1.000
class  54.250  2  27.125  .665  .525  .060  1.331  .147
Error  856.250  21  40.774

Total  171264.000  24

Corrected Total  910.500  23

a. R Squared = .060 (Adjusted R Squared = -.030)
b. Computed using alpha = .05

1. Grand Mean
Dependent Variable:Statistics Skills Test
Mean  Std. Error
95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound  Upper Bound
84.250  1.303  81.539  86.961

2. Class type
Dependent Variable:Statistics Skills Test
Class type  Mean  Std. Error
95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound  Upper Bound
Online  83.125  2.258  78.430  87.820
Face  86.375  2.258  81.680  91.070
Hybrid  83.250  2.258  78.555  87.945

Week 3 – SPSS Output

Week 3 – SPSS Output
Post-hoc Test Analysis

Multiple Comparisons
Statistics Skills Test
Tukey HSD
(I) Class type  (J) Class type
Mean
Difference (I-J)  Std. Error  Sig.
95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound  Upper Bound
Online  Face  -3.25  3.193  .574  -11.30  4.80
Hybrid  -.12  3.193  .999  -8.17  7.92
Face  Online  3.25  3.193  .574  -4.80  11.30
Hybrid  3.13  3.193  .598  -4.92  11.17
Hybrid  Online  .12  3.193  .999  -7.92  8.17
Face  -3.13  3.193  .598  -11.17  4.92
Based on observed means.
The error term is Mean Square(Error) = 40.774.

Statistics Skills Test
Tukey HSD
a,b

Class type  N
Subset
1
Online  8  83.13
Hybrid  8  83.25
Face  8  86.38
Sig.

.574
Means for groups in homogeneous
subsets are displayed.
Based on observed means.
The error term is Mean Square(Error)
= 40.774.
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size
= 8.000.
b. Alpha = .05.

 
 
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