Question 1. The epipelagic is divided into two components: the oceanic waters and the

photic zone.
neritic zone.
pelagic realm.
upper photic zone.
subtidal zone.

Question 2. Most of the primary production carried out in the open ocean is performed by

seaweeds.
kelps.
phytoplankton.
seagrasses.
zooxanthellae.

Question 3. Net phytoplankton consist mostly of

copepods.
diatoms and dinoflagellates.
nanoplankton.
cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).
nanoplankton and diatoms.

Question 4. Typically the most abundant group in the zooplankton are the.

larvaceans.
krill.
fish larvae.
nanoplankton.
copepods.

Question 5. Which of these is least likely to be seen in the epipelagic?

Suspension feeders
Deposit feeders
Primary production
First-level carnivores
Second-level carnivores

Question 6. Which of these groups builds a mucus “house?”

Copepods
Arrow worms
Larvaceans
Planktonic snails such as pteropods
Snail larvae

Question 7. Which of the following accounts for about 50% of the primary production in epipelagic waters?

Diatoms
Cyanobacteria
Dinoflagellates
Coccolithophorids
Silicoflagellates

Question 8. The following are an adaptation to the planktonic way of life except

spines.
small size.
decrease in drag.
substitution of heavy ions by light ones.
gas-filled bladders.

Question 9. The storage of lipids within the body is an adaptation in plankton since lipids

make cells heavier.
increase body density.
contain air pockets so they help in buoyancy.
contain a larger amount of energy.
are less dense than water.

Question 10. The neuston consists of animals that

swim against currents.
sink to the bottom portion of the water column.
are top carnivores in the pelagic realm.
spend their entire lives in the plankton.
live at the surface, but remain underwater.

Question 11. Counter shading is a form of

shading with bioluminescence.
warning coloration.
structural coloration.
protective coloration.
cryptic coloration.

Question 12. The rete mirabile found in some fishes is involved in.

increasing speed.
decreasing buoyancy.
digesting food.
increasing buoyancy.
conserving body heat.

Question 13. Zooplankton that migrate vertically

hibernate at night and feed during the day.
feed at the surface during the day, and migrate below the photic zone at night.
feed in the photic zone during the day, and migrate to the surface at night.
stay below the photic zone during the day, and feed at the surface at night.
migrate up and down but always stay below the photic zone.

Question 14. Most animals in the epipelagic are omnivores. This means that they eat

producers and consumers.
part of the neuston.
zooplankton.
detritus.
phytoplankton.

Question 15. What is the relationship between dissolved organic matter (DOM) and bacteria in the epipelagic?

Bacteria feed on the DOM, making it available to other animals in the food chain that feed on bacteria.
Bacteria supply most of the DOM.
Bacteria feed on DOM and thus it is unavailable to other animals.
Bacteria cannot utilize DOM and thus feed on detritus, depleting it through most of the epipelagic.
Bacteria cannot utilize DOM, making it available to animals.

Question 16. The most common limiting nutrient in the ocean is

silicon.
oxygen.
nitrogen.
carbonate.
phosphorus.

Question 17. The fall bloom in temperate waters is caused when

primary production decreases as nutrients increase.
primary production decreases due to light limitation.
primary production decreases as nutrients decrease.
primary production increases as nutrients increase.
primary production increases as the number of zooplankton increases.

Question 18. Equatorial upwelling occurs as a result of

temperature changes at the Equator.
the divergence of equatorial surface currents.
the convergence of equatorial surface currents.
winds causing the Ekman transport of surface water offshore.
El Niño conditions north and south of the Equator.

Question 19. The Southern Oscillation can be best described as

relative changes between two pressure systems.
variation in wind speed over the Pacific Ocean.
relationship between sea-surface and high-altitude pressures.
tidal differences between the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
wind-speed differences along the Equator.

Question 20. The long spines and projections seen in many epipelagic plankton are used for

feeding.
reproduction.
increasing drag.
increasing buoyancy.
gathering nutrients.

Question 21. Most epipelagic fish have a tail that is

short and wide.
short and narrow.
short and thin.
high and wide.
high and narrow.

Question 22. Which of the following adaptations is least likely to be seen in epipelagic fish?

Stiff fins
A smooth, scaleless body
Increased white muscle
Grove in body for fins
Eyes flush with body

Question 23. The largest source of dissolved organic material (DOM) in the epipelagic is

viruses.
bacteria.
phytoplankton.
zooplankton.
nekton.

Question 24. The lateral line system in fishes functions in ________________.

sensing vibrations in the water
detecting magnetic lines of force in water
sensing light in aphotic zones
sweeping surrounding water for plankton
bioluminescence

Question 25. The remote sensing system found in dolphins and some other cetaceans is ___________.

communal mutualistic behavior
extrasensory perception
echolocation
underwater acoustic sensitivity
heightened smell