Jackson story of Mary portrays a neuroscientist who was confided in a room where the only available colors were black, white and shades of gray. Supposing she is neurophysiologist, she learns all that takes place in people when they see a red color. However, she has no experience of the physical characteristic of red color until one day when she steps outside and sees a ripe tomato fruit. For the first time she learns something new, a new experience pertaining red color.

This story of Mary proves that one cannot reduce consciousness to brain processes. While one may imagine of an experience outside his consciousness, the physical characteristics he may attribute to that experience is totally different from the real life experience of that object. Physical information, therefore, is not adequate to give one the qualitative experience of an object.

Descartes argument from doubt posits that the mind and body are different he uses the Leibniz law that suggests that for an object to be said to be similar to another, both object should bear the same characteristics. Therefore, whatever is true of one thing should be true of the other thing. Different kinds of arguments are given to exemplify hi belief. For instance according to discourse 4 meditations II

“ I can doubt that I have a body.
I cannot doubt that I am.

iii. Therefore, I who am doubting and thinking am not a body.

In short, I cannot doubt that I exist (as a mind, a thinking thing, res cogitans) but I can doubt that I have a body (a physical object). Therefore, I (the mind, the thinking thing) am not the same substance as my body.”

Following this argument, Descartes is wrong to suggest that the body and soul are separate. This is because, while some of our experiences may be wrong does not nullify the fact that we think. The act of doubting is in itself evidence that we think.

Descartes argues that the body and mind exit as separate entities. Descartes as earlier suggests that the body and mind existing dualism as they differ in terms of matter. From the concept of divisibility, Descartes believe that the body is divisible but the mind is indivisible. One, therefore, exists in duality. Rye through his essay “Descartes” refers to Descartes belief in duality as a dogma of the ghost of machines. According to him Descartes fails the scientific test and thus considers a belief in Descartes as falling in the “biggest mistake error”

Smart’s concept of dualism is best portrayed by the assertion that the mental event exists as a product of the brain. While the brain and the mental events are not identical, the one is essentially a product of the other. Of the three philosophers, in my opinion seems to present a more plausible assertion. The mind and the body cannot be different but exist as a process.

The problem with other minds is a problem to justify the belief that others have similar mind minds to ours. It remains an issue in philosophy has no philosopher has clearly explained this problem satisfactorily. When Rye treat dualism as solipsism, a term used to refer to a situation where one thinks his mind is the only existence, means that to judge other by behavior and consider them non-existent is erroneous. Similarly, it’s erroneous when dualists consider the mind as the only existing because it can think and the body nonexistent.