Natural Science

general Biology

LabPaq® is a registered trademark of Hands-On Labs, Inc. (HOL). The LabPaq referenced in this manual is produced by Hands-On Labs, Inc. which holds and reserves all copyrights on the intellectual properties associated with the LabPaq’s unique design, assembly, and learning experiences. The laboratory manual included with a LabPaq is intended for the sole use by that LabPaq’s original purchaser and may not be reused without a LabPaq or by others without the specific written consent of HOL. No portion of any LabPaq manual’s materials may be reproduced, transmitted or distributed to others in any manner, nor may be downloaded to any public or privately shared systems or servers without the express written consent of HOL. No changes may be made in any LabPaq materials without the express written consent of HOL. HOL has invested years of research and development into these materials, reserves all rights related to them, and retains the right to impose substantial penalties for any misuse.

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The experiments in this manual have been and may be conducted in a regular formal laboratory or classroom setting with the users providing their own equipment and supplies. However, this manual was especially written for the benefit of the independent study of students who do not have convenient access to such facilities. It allows them to perform college and advanced high school level experiments at home or elsewhere by using a LabPaq, a collection of experimental equipment and supplies specifically packaged to accompany this manual.

Use of this manual and authorization to perform any of its experiments is expressly conditioned upon the user reading, understanding and agreeing to fully abide by all the safety precautions contained herein.

Although the author and publisher have exhaustively researched many sources to ensure the accuracy and completeness of the information contained in this manual, we assume no responsibility for errors, inaccuracies, omissions or any other inconsistency herein. Any slight of people, organizations, materials, or products is unintentional.

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Table of Contents 5 To the instructor

6 To the Student

7 How to Perform an Experiment

9 Safety Concerns

11 Science lab Safety Reinforcement Agreement

Experiments 14 Research and The Scientific Method

37 Microscopy and the Metric System

75 Basic Chemistry for Investigating Living Systems

105 Cell Structure and Function: Cell Types and Transport

131 Cell Structure and Function: Tonicity and pH

153 Enzymes

183 Photosynthesis and Respiration

215 Mitosis and Meiosis

238 Genetic Inheritance

266 Human Genetics

285 The Properties of Water

APPENDiX 321 laboratory Equipment and Techniques

323 Potential Laboratory Hazards

326 Material Safety Data Sheets

328 How to Write Lab Notes and Lab Reports

334 laboratory Drawings

336 Final Cleanup Instructions

338 Using Statistics

342 The T-Test

348 The Chi-Square Test