inchoate social contract theory is found in Plato’s Crito

Your final examination consists of a series of short answer questions and essays.  Like all of your written assignments this semester, your answers should be typed in 12 point font and double spaced.  Be sure to answer the questions concisely and carefully.    Your exam is out of 120 possible points and is due on June 1st by 5 pm through the Safe Assign link in Blackboard Learn (under the content area entitled Final Examination).  This is an examination, and so is no different from an exam that would be given in class.  You are to work on these questions on your own, though you may consult your texts and class notes.  Please be careful not to include any material that is not your own without proper citation.  Any plagiarism, even accidental, will devastate your grade.  Though I know you will all perform admirably, nonetheless, good luck!   I. Short answers, to be answered in about a paragraph (worth 12 points each €“ 60 points total)  1. The Oracle at Delphi pronounces that no man is wiser than Socrates.  What does Socrates take this to mean?  What is the source of his wisdom and what does he claim to know?  Finally, say how this attempt to uncover his own wisdom led him to become a gadfly.’  What does Socrates mean when he says that the unexamined life is not worth living for a human being?  2. In what sense can it be said that an inchoate social contract theory is found in Plato’s Crito?  What does this mean?  Why does Socrates argue that he has an agreement with Athens?  What effect does this agreement have?  3. In making sense of what a good human being is, Aristotle gives the function argument.  How does appealing to function permit Aristotle to outline excellence or virtue?  What is the function of a human being?  How does this provide us with an understanding of human virtue? What are the moral virtues, how are they acquired, and how do they relate to a flourishing life?  4. In determining the morality of an action, Mill and Kant focus on different areas.  First explain the position of each philosopher with regard to such a determination.  What is morally relevant to each?  5. Explain the three human emotions that Sartre thinks emerge from existentialism. What is bad faith’?  What is the relationship between bad faith and the existential emotions (especially the first one)?  Finally, how does this connect to Sartre’s claim that existentialism offers an optimistic toughness’?    II. Short essay questions, to be answered in about a page (worth 20 points each €“ 60 points total)  6. For Aristotle happiness (eudaimonia) is the chief good or final end.  For Kant, by contrast, the only unconditional good is a good will.  Thus, while for Aristotle happiness is central for understanding morality, for Kant the pursuit of happiness could not provide a moral motive.  First, describe the role of happiness in Aristotle’s and Kant’s theories.  Next, say why they disagree on happiness’ moral importance.  Finally, briefly state your position on this matter.   7. Mill advocates a utilitarian framework for ethics wherein an activity is ethical if it maximizes utility.  Thoroughly explain Mill’s principle of utilitarianism and what it entails.  What does the greatest happiness principle mean?  Why does Mill distinguish between different types of pleasures?  Next, assess some of the problems with utilitarianism.  Do you think Mill’s discussion of justice can adequately solve some, all, or none of these problems?  Where does utilitarianism succeed and where does it falter?   8. To a certain extent, ethics depends upon the notion of freedom.  Why is this so?  What is lost if human freedom is discounted?  Kant and Sartre are two thinkers who offer us very different accounts of human freedom.  First, how does Kant think of autonomy and what does it entail?  If Kant’s conception of autonomy is correct, what does this mean for responsibility?  How does autonomy relate to Kant’s categorical imperative?  Next, how does Sartre view human freedom and from where does it arise?  Why is Sartre’s conception of freedom so central to an existentialist ethics?  What does Sartre mean when he says that human beings are condemned to be free?  If Sartre’s conception of free will is correct, what becomes of responsibility?  How does Sartre’s notion of freedom relate to the universalizability of choice?  With which of these two thinkers do you find yourself agreeing with regard to freedom?  Why?