history: LBJ and war
Paper instructions:
Prompt: Think about LBJ and “war”: LBJ launched both a “war” on poverty at home and a “war” in Southeast Asia. Develop an essay analyzing how you think LBJ’s “wars” were related to each
other.
Make sure to have a strong argument supported by evidence. For this question, please do not use any outside sources. Use at least one source from Murrin textbook.
Le t t e r F r om B irmingh am J ail 1
A U G U S T 1 9 6 3
L e tte r fr om B ir mi ngham Jail
b y M a rt in L u th er K in g , J r.
F ro m th e B irm in g h a m ja i l, w h er e h e w a s i m p ri so n ed a s a p a r ti cip a n t in n o n v io len t d e m o n st ra tio n s a g a in st s eg r eg a tio n , D r .
M a rt in L u th e r K in g , J r ., w ro t e in lo n g h a n d th e l et te r w h i ch fo llo w s. It w a s h is r e sp o n se to a p u b li c sta t em en t o f co n c ern a n d
ca u tio n i s su ed b y eig h t w h it e re lig io u s l ea d e rs o f th e S o u th . D r. K in g , w h o w a s b o rn in 1 9 2 9 , d id h is u n d erg ra d u a te w o rk a t
M o reh o u s e C o ll eg e; a tt en d ed th e in t eg ra ted C ro z er T h eo lo g i ca l S em in a r y in C h es te r, P en n s yl va n ia , o n e o f s ix b la ck p u p ils
a m o n g a h u n d red stu d en t s, a n d th e p re sid en t o f h i s cla ss ; a n d w o n a fe llo w sh ip to B o sto n U n iv e rs it y fo r h i s P h .D .
WH IL E co n f in ed h er e in th e B i rm in g h am c ity ja il , I c am e a cro s s y o u r re c en t st at em en t ca ll in g o u r p r es en t a ct iv it ie s “u n w is e
an d u n tim ely .” S e ld o m , if ev er, d o I p au s e to an sw e r cr it ic ism o f m y w o rk an d id e as. I f I so u g h t to an sw er a ll o f th e cr it ic ism s
th at c ro s s m y d esk , m y se cr et a ri es w o u ld b e en g ag ed in li ttl e el s e in th e co u r se o f th e d ay , an d I w o u ld h av e n o t im e fo r
co n st ru ct iv e w o rk . B u t sin c e I fe el th at y o u ar e m en o f g en u in e g o o d w ill an d y o u r c rit ic is m s a re s in c er ely s et fo r th , I w o u ld l ik e
to an sw e r y o u r st at em en t in w h a t I h o p e w ill b e p at ien t an d r ea so n a b le te rm s .
I th in k I sh o u ld g iv e th e r ea so n fo r m y b ein g in B ir m in g h am , s in c e y o u h av e b e en in flu en ced b y th e a rg u m en t o f “o u t sid er s
co m in g in . ” I h av e th e h o n o r o f s erv in g a s p r e sid en t o f th e S o u th ern C h ri sti an L ead er sh ip C o n f er en c e, an o rg an i z atio n o p e r atin g
in ev ery S o u th e rn st at e, w ith h ead q u a rt er s in A t lan ta , G eo rg i a. W e h av e so m e e ig h ty -f iv e a ff ili a te o rg an i z atio n s all a c ro ss th e
S o u th , o n e b e in g th e A l ab am a C h ri sti an M o v em en t fo r H u m an R ig h ts. W h en ev e r n e c es sa ry an d p o ss ib le , w e sh a re s ta ff ,
ed u ca tio n a l an d f in an c ia l re so u r ce s w ith o u r a ff ili a te s. S ev e r al m o n t h s ag o o u r lo c al a ff il ia te h e re in B irm in g h am in v it ed u s to b e
o n ca ll to en g ag e in a n o n v io len t d ir e ct -a ct io n p ro g ra m i f su ch w e re d ee m ed n ec e ss ary . W e re ad i ly co n s en t ed , an d w h en th e h o u r
cam e w e liv ed u p to o u r p ro m i se s. S o I am h e re , alo n g w i th s ev e r al m em b e rs o f m y s ta ff , b ec au s e w e w er e in v it ed h e re . I am
h er e b e c au s e I h av e b a si c o rg an i za tio n a l ti es h er e.
B ey o n d th is , I a m in B ir m in g h am b ec au s e in ju s ti c e i s h er e. Ju s t as t h e e ig h th – cen tu ry p ro p h et s le ft th e ir l itt le v il lag es an d c ar ri ed
th ei r ” th u s sa ith th e L o rd ” fa r b ey o n d th e b o u n d ari e s o f th e ir h o m et o w n s; an d ju s t as th e A p o st le P au l l ef t h i s li ttl e v ill ag e o f
T ar su s an d c a rr ied th e g o sp el o f J esu s C h r is t to p ra ct ic a lly ev e ry h a m le t an d c ity o f th e G r e co -R o m an w o rld , I to o am co m p e ll ed
to c ar ry th e g o sp el o f f r eed o m b ey o n d m y p ar ti cu la r h o m eto w n . L ik e P au l, I m u st co n s tan tly re sp o n d to th e M ac ed o n ian c al l fo r
aid .
M o reo v e r, I am co g n i zan t o f th e in t er re la ted n es s o f a ll co m m u n i ti es an d s t at es . I c an n o t si t id ly b y in A tl an ta an d n o t b e
co n ce rn ed ab o u t w h at h ap p en s in B irm in g h am . In ju s ti c e an y w h er e i s a th re at to ju st ic e ev ery w h e re . W e a re c au g h t in an
in es c ap ab l e n etw o rk o f m u tu al ity , ti ed in a s in g le g a rm en t o f d es tin y . W h a tev er a ff e ct s o n e d ir ec tly af f ec ts a ll in d ir e ctly . N ev er
ag ain c an w e af fo rd to liv e w ith th e n ar ro w , p ro v in ci al “o u t sid e ag it ato r ” id ea . A n y o n e w h o liv e s in s id e th e U n it ed S t at es c an
n ev er b e co n s id er ed an o u ts id e r.
Y o u d ep lo re th e d em o n str a tio n s th a t ar e p r e sen t ly t ak in g p l ac e in B i rm in g h am . B u t I am so r ry th at y o u r s ta tem en t d id n o t ex p re s s
a sim il ar co n c ern fo r th e co n d i tio n s th a t b ro u g h t th e d em o n st ra tio n s in to b e in g . I am su r e th at e a ch o f y o u w o u ld w an t to g o
b ey o n d th e su p er fi ci al so ci al an a ly s t w h o lo o k s m e re ly at e ff ec ts an d d o es n o t g rap p l e w ith u n d e rly in g cau se s. I w o u ld n o t
h esi ta t e to s ay th at it i s u n fo r tu n at e th at so -c al led d em o n s tr atio n s ar e t ak in g p l a ce in B irm in g h am at th i s t im e, b u t I w o u ld s ay in
m o re em p h a ti c te rm s th at it i s ev en m o re u n fo rtu n a te th at th e w h it e p o w er st ru ctu re o f th is c ity le ft th e N eg ro co m m u n ity w ith n o
o th er al t ern a tiv e.
IN A N Y n o n v io len t c am p a ig n th e re a r e fo u r b a si c st ep s : co ll e ctio n o f th e fa ct s to d e te rm in e w h eth e r in ju s ti ce s ar e a liv e ,
n eg o tia tio n , s el f-p u ri fi c at io n , an d d i r ec t ac tio n . W e h av e g o n e th ro u g h all o f th e se s tep s in B i rm in g h am . T h e re c an b e n o
g ain s ay in g o f th e f ac t th at r a ci al in ju s ti ce en g u l fs th i s co m m u n ity . B irm in g h a m i s p ro b ab ly th e m o st th o ro u g h ly s eg reg at ed city
in th e U n it ed S t at e s. It s u g ly re co rd o f p o li c e b ru t a lity is k n o w n in e v ery se ct io n o f th is co u n t ry . It s u n ju s t t re a tm en t o f N eg ro es
in th e co u r ts i s a n o to r io u s re al ity . T h er e h av e b e en m o r e u n so lv ed b o m b in g s o f N eg ro h o m e s an d ch u r ch e s in B i rm in g h am th an
in an y o th er c ity in th i s n atio n . T h es e a re th e h a rd , b ru ta l, an d u n b el iev ab le f ac ts . O n th e b a si s o f th e m , N eg ro le ad e rs so u g h t to
n eg o tia te w i th th e city f ath er s. B u t th e p o li ti c al le ad e r s co n si st en tly re fu s ed to en g ag e in g o o d -f ai th n eg o t ia tio n .
T h en c am e th e o p p o rtu n ity la st S ep t em b er to ta lk w i th so m e o f th e l ead er s o f th e eco n o m i c co m m u n ity . In th e se n eg o ti at in g
se ss io n s c ert a in p ro m i se s w e re m ad e b y th e m e rch an ts , su ch as th e p ro m is e to r em o v e th e h u m il ia tin g r a ci al s ig n s fro m th e
sto r es . O n th e b a si s o f th e s e p ro m is es , R ev e ren d S h u tt le sw o r th an d th e le ad e rs o f th e A l ab am a C h r is ti an M o v em en t fo r H u m an
R ig h ts ag r eed to ca ll a m o r ato r iu m o n an y ty p e o f d em o n str a tio n . A s th e w e ek s an d m o n th s u n fo ld ed , w e r ea li z ed th a t w e w e re
th e v i ct im s o f a b ro k en p ro m is e. T h e sig n s r em ain ed . A s in so m an y ex p e ri en c es o f th e p as t, w e w e r e co n fro n t ed w i th b l as ted
h o p es, an d th e d a rk sh ad o w o f a d e ep d is ap p o in tm en t se tt led u p o n u s. S o w e h ad n o a lt ern at iv e ex c ep t th a t o f p r ep a rin g fo r d i re ct
ac tio n , w h er eb y w e w o u ld p r es en t o u r v e ry b o d ie s a s a m ean s o f l ay in g o u r c a se b efo re th e co n sc ien ce o f th e lo c al an d n atio n al
co m m u n ity . W e w er e n o t u n m in d fu l o f th e d i ffi cu l ti es in v o lv ed . S o w e d e c id ed to g o th ro u g h a p ro c es s o f se lf -p u rif i ca tio n . W e
Le t t e r F r om B irmingh am J ail 2
st ar ted h av in g w o rk sh o p s o n n o n v io len c e an d r ep e at ed ly ask ed o u rs elv e s th e q u es tio n s , “A re y o u ab l e to a c cep t b lo w s w i th o u t
re ta li atin g ?” an d “A re y o u ab l e to en d u r e th e o rd ea ls o f j ail ?” W e d ec id ed to s et o u r d i re ct – ac tio n p ro g r am aro u n d th e E as te r
se aso n , r ea li zin g th at , w ith ex c ep tio n o f C h r is tm a s, th i s w a s th e la rg es t sh o p p in g p erio d o f th e y e ar . K n o w in g th at a s tro n g
eco n o m i c w ith d r aw a l p ro g r am w o u ld b e th e b y -p ro d u ct o f d i re ct a c tio n , w e fe lt th a t th is w a s th e b e st tim e to b rin g p re ssu re o n
th e m er ch an ts fo r th e n e ed ed ch an g es . T h en it o c cu rr ed to u s th a t th e M ar ch el e ctio n w a s ah e ad , an d so w e sp e ed i ly d e cid ed to
p o stp o n e a ct io n u n til aft e r el ec tio n d ay . W h en w e d i sco v e r ed th a t M r. C o n n er w a s in th e ru n o ff , w e d ec id ed ag a in to p o s tp o n e
ac tio n so th at th e d em o n s tr atio n co u ld n o t b e u s ed to c lo u d th e i ssu e s. A t th is t im e w e ag re ed to b eg in o u r n o n v io len t w itn es s th e
d ay a ft er th e ru n o ff .
T h is rev ea ls th a t w e d id n o t m o v e ir r esp o n sib ly in to d ir ec t ac tio n . W e, to o , w an t ed to s ee M r. C o n n e r d ef ea ted , so w e w en t
th ro u g h p o stp o n em en t a ft er p o stp o n em en t to aid in th i s co m m u n ity n eed . A f te r th is w e f el t th at d ir e ct a ctio n co u ld b e d e lay ed n o
lo n g er.
Y o u m ay w ell a sk , “W h y d i re ct a c tio n , w h y si t-in s, m a rch es , an d so fo r th ? Isn ‘ t n eg o ti at io n a b e tt er p ath ?” Y o u ar e ex a ct ly rig h t
in y o u r c al l fo r n eg o ti atio n . In d e ed , th i s i s th e p u rp o se o f d i r ec t ac ti o n . N o n v io len t d i r ec t ac tio n se ek s to cr e at e su ch a cr is is an d
es tab l ish su ch c re a tiv e t en s io n th a t a co m m u n ity th at h a s co n si st en tl y re fu s ed to n eg o ti at e is fo r c ed to co n fro n t th e i ssu e. It s e ek s
so to d r am at iz e th e i ssu e th at it c an n o lo n g e r b e ig n o r ed . I ju st r ef er red to th e cr ea tio n o f t en s io n a s a p a rt o f th e w o rk o f th e
n o n v io len t r es is t er. T h is m ay so u n d r ath er sh o ck in g . B u t I m u st co n fe ss th at I am n o t a fr aid o f th e w o rd “t en s io n .” I h av e
ea rn e st ly w o rk ed an d p r e ach ed ag ain s t v io len t t en s io n , b u t th er e is a ty p e o f co n st ru ct iv e n o n v io len t ten sio n th at i s n e c es sa ry fo r
g ro w th . Ju st a s S o cr at es f el t th at it w as n e ce ss a ry to cr e at e a t en s io n in th e m in d so th at in d iv id u a ls co u ld ri s e fro m th e b o n d ag e
o f m y th s an d h alf -t ru th s to th e u n f e tt er ed r e alm o f cr e ativ e an a ly si s an d o b je ct iv e ap p r ai sa l, w e m u st s e e th e n eed o f h av in g
n o n v io len t g ad f li es to cr e at e th e k in d o f t en s io n in so c ie ty th at w il l h elp m en to ri s e f ro m th e d ark d ep th s o f p r e ju d ic e an d r ac is m
to th e m aj es ti c h e ig h ts o f u n d e rs tan d in g an d b ro th e rh o o d . S o , th e p u rp o se o f d i re ct a ct io n i s to c re at e a si tu a tio n so c ri si s-p ack ed
th at it w i ll in ev i t ab ly o p en th e d o o r to n eg o t ia tio n . W e th er efo r e co n cu r w i th y o u in y o u r c all fo r n eg o t ia tio n . T o o lo n g h as o u r
b elo v ed S o u th l an d b e en b o g g ed d o w n in th e t rag ic a tt em p t to l iv e i n m o n o lo g u e ra th e r th an d i alo g u e.
O n e o f th e b a si c p o in t s in y o u r s ta te m en t i s th at o u r ac ts a r e u n tim el y . S o m e h av e a sk ed , “W h y d id n ‘ t y o u g iv e th e n e w
ad m in i st ra tio n t im e to a ct ?” T h e o n ly an sw er th at I c an g iv e to th is i n q u iry is th a t th e n ew ad m in i st r atio n m u st b e p ro d d ed ab o u t
as m u ch a s th e o u tg o in g o n e b efo r e it a ct s. W e w ill b e s ad ly m is tak en i f w e fe el th at th e e le ct io n o f M r. B o u tw e ll w i ll b rin g th e
m ill en n iu m to B i rm in g h am . W h il e M r. B o u tw e ll is m u ch m o r e art i c u lat e an d g en t le th an M r . C o n n e r, th ey ar e b o th
seg r eg a tio n i st s, d ed i ca ted to th e ta sk o f m ain t ain in g th e st atu s q u o . T h e h o p e I s e e in M r . B o u tw el l i s th a t h e w i ll b e re a so n ab le
en o u g h to s ee th e fu t il ity o f m as siv e r e si st an c e to d e seg reg atio n . B u t h e w il l n o t s ee th i s w ith o u t p re ssu re f ro m th e d ev o t e es o f
civ i l r ig h ts . M y f ri en d s, I m u st s ay to y o u th at w e h av e n o t m ad e a s in g le g ain in c iv il r ig h ts w i th o u t d et er m in ed l eg al an d
n o n v io len t p r es su r e. H i sto ry is th e lo n g an d tr ag i c sto ry o f th e fa ct t h at p r iv il eg ed g ro u p s se ld o m g iv e u p th e ir p riv i leg es
v o lu n tari ly . In d iv id u al s m ay s ee th e m o r al lig h t an d v o lu n t ar ily g iv e u p th ei r u n ju s t p o s tu re ; b u t, a s R e in h o ld N ieb u h r h a s
rem in d ed u s , g ro u p s a re m o r e i m m o r al th an in d iv id u al s.
W e k n o w th ro u g h p ain fu l ex p e ri en c e th a t fr eed o m is n ev e r v o lu n t ar ily g iv en b y th e o p p re sso r ; it m u st b e d em an d ed b y th e
o p p res sed . F r an k ly , I h av e n ev er y e t en g ag ed in a d ir e ct -a ct io n m o v em en t th at w a s “w e ll tim ed ” a cco rd in g to th e tim e tab l e o f
th o se w h o h av e n o t su ff er ed u n d u ly f ro m th e d i s ea se o f s eg reg at io n . F o r y ea rs n o w I h av e h e ard th e w o rd “w ai t.” I t rin g s in th e
ea r o f ev ery N eg ro w ith a p ie rc in g f am i li ar ity . T h is “w ai t” h as a lm o st al w ay s m ean t “n ev er .” It h a s b e en a tr an q u ili zin g
th al id o m id e, r el iev in g th e em o tio n a l str e ss fo r a m o m en t, o n ly to g i v e b ir th to an il l-fo rm ed in f an t o f fru s tr at io n . W e m u st co m e
to s ee w i th th e d i st in g u ish ed ju ri st o f y es te rd ay th a t ” ju s ti ce to o lo n g d el ay ed i s ju s ti ce d en i ed .” W e h av e w ai ted fo r m o r e th an
th re e h u n d red an d fo rty y ea rs fo r o u r G o d -g iv en an d co n s titu tio n a l r ig h ts. T h e n at io n s o f A s ia an d A fr ic a a re m o v in g w ith j etl ik e
sp e ed to w ard th e g o al o f p o li ti ca l in d ep en d en ce , an d w e s til l cr e ep at h o r s e- an d -b u g g y p ac e to w ard th e g ain in g o f a cu p o f co f fe e
at a lu n ch co u n te r. I g u e ss i t i s e asy fo r th o s e w h o h av e n ev er f el t th e stin g in g d ar ts o f seg reg atio n to s ay ” w a it. ” B u t w h en y o u
h av e se en v i cio u s m o b s ly n ch y o u r m o th er s an d f ath er s at w i ll an d d ro w n y o u r si st er s an d b ro th er s at w h im ; w h en y o u h av e se en
h ate -f il led p o l ic em en cu rs e, k i ck , b ru ta li ze , an d ev en k il l y o u r b l a ck b ro th e rs an d si st er s w ith im p u n ity ; w h en y o u s e e th e v a st
m ajo r ity o f y o u r tw en ty m i llio n N eg ro b ro th e rs sm o th er in g in an ai r tig h t cag e o f p o v er ty in th e m id s t o f an a ff lu en t so c i ety ; w h en
y o u su d d en ly fin d y o u r to n g u e tw is ted an d y o u r sp e ech st am m er in g a s y o u s eek to ex p la in to y o u r s ix -y e ar -o ld d au g h t er w h y sh e
can n o t g o to th e p u b li c am u s em en t p ark th at h a s ju st b e en ad v ert is e d o n tel ev i sio n , an d se e te ar s w e llin g u p in h e r l it tl e ey e s
w h en sh e i s to ld th at F u n to w n is c lo s ed to co lo r ed ch ild ren , an d s ee th e d ep re s sin g clo u d s o f in f e rio r ity b eg in to fo rm in h er li tt le
m en t al sk y , an d s e e h e r b eg in to d is to rt h e r l it tl e p e rso n ali ty b y u n c o n scio u s ly d ev elo p in g a b it te rn e ss to w ard w h it e p eo p l e; w h en
y o u h av e to co n co c t an an sw er fo r a f iv e -y e ar -o ld so n ask in g in ag o n izin g p a th o s, “D ad d y , w h y d o w h it e p eo p le tr e at co lo red
p eo p le so m ean ?” ; w h en y o u tak e a cro s s -co u n try d riv e an d fin d it n ec e ss ary to s l eep n ig h t a ft er n ig h t in th e u n co m fo rt ab l e
co rn e rs o f y o u r au to m o b il e b e cau se n o m o te l w ill a c cep t y o u ; w h en y o u ar e h u m i li at ed d ay in an d d ay o u t b y n ag g in g sig n s
re ad in g “w h i te ” an d ” co lo r ed “; w h en y o u r fi rs t n am e b eco m e s “n ig g er” an d y o u r m id d l e n am e b e co m e s “b o y ” (h o w ev e r o ld y o u
ar e) an d y o u r la st n am e b eco m es ” Jo h n ,” an d w h en y o u r w if e an d m o th er a re n ev e r g iv en th e re sp e ct ed t it le “M rs .”; w h en y o u ar e
h arr ied b y d ay an d h au n ted b y n ig h t b y th e f a ct th a t y o u a re a N eg r o , liv in g co n s tan t ly a t tip to e st an c e, n ev e r k n o w in g w h a t to
ex p ec t n ex t, an d p l ag u ed w ith in n er f ea rs an d o u t er r es en tm en t s; w h en y o u a re fo r ev e r fig h tin g a d eg en e r atin g s en se o f
“n o b o d y n ess” — th en y o u w i ll u n d er st an d w h y w e fin d it d if fi cu lt to w a it. T h er e co m es a ti m e w h en th e cu p o f en d u r an c e ru n s
o v er an d m en a re n o lo n g er w i llin g to b e p lu n g ed in to an ab y ss o f i n ju sti c e w h e r e th ey ex p er ien ce th e b l eak n e s s o f co r ro d in g
d esp a ir . I h o p e, s ir s, y o u can u n d e rs tan d o u r l eg it im a t e an d u n av o id ab le im p at ien ce .
Le t t e r F r om B irmingh am J ail 3
Y O U ex p r e ss a g re at d e al o f an x ie ty o v e r o u r w il lin g n e ss to b r e ak la w s. T h i s i s c ert a in ly a l eg it im at e co n c ern . S in c e w e so
d ilig en tly u rg e p eo p l e to o b ey th e S u p r em e C o u rt’ s d ec is io n o f 1 9 5 4 o u tlaw in g s eg r eg a tio n in th e p u b lic s ch o o ls , i t is r ath e r
str an g e an d p ar ad o x ic al to f in d u s co n s cio u s ly b r eak in g la w s. O n e m ay w ell a sk , “H o w can y o u ad v o ca te b r eak in g so m e l aw s an d
o b ey in g o th er s? ” T h e an sw e r is fo u n d in th e fa ct th at th e re a r e tw o t y p es o f l aw s : th e re a re ju s t law s, an d th e re a re u n ju st l aw s . I
w o u ld ag r ee w i th S t. A u g u stin e th at “A n u n ju st law i s n o law a t al l. ”
N o w , w h a t i s th e d if fe ren ce b e tw e en th e tw o ? H o w d o e s o n e d et er m in e w h en a l aw is ju st o r u n ju s t? A ju st l aw is a m an -m ad e
co d e th at sq u a r es w ith th e m o r al l aw , o r th e law o f G o d . A n u n ju s t l aw is a co d e th a t is o u t o f h ar m o n y w ith th e m o ra l law . T o
p u t it in th e te rm s o f S t. T h o m as A q u in a s, an u n ju s t law i s a h u m an law th a t is n o t ro o t ed in e te rn al an d n atu r al l aw . A n y l aw th at
u p lift s h u m an p e rso n a lity i s ju st . A n y l aw th a t d eg rad es h u m an p e rs o n ality i s u n ju s t. A ll s eg r eg a tio n s ta tu t es a re u n ju st b e c au se
seg r eg a tio n d i sto rt s th e so u l an d d am ag e s th e p er so n al ity . I t g iv e s t h e s eg r eg a to r a fa ls e s en s e o f su p e rio rity an d th e seg reg at ed a
fa ls e sen se o f in f er io ri ty . T