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Fire investigation

Fire investigationAssuming that an individual is in a developing room-fire environment, there would be significant variations in thermal penetration depth of skin with time mainly because the temperatures in the room will keep on rising ( & 2001). Thus, thermal penetration depth will also continue to increase proportionally to the increasing temperatures (Huang & Togawa, 1995). For instance, considering that in developing room-fire environment, the fire continues to increase the temperatures then at 44c the human body will start to feel pain, at 48c a first degree burn injury will be received by the human skin, at 55c a second degree burn injury will be received by the human skin, and with increasing temperatures the burned human tissue becomes numb at 62c and finally at 72c there is instant destruction of the human skin. So, these changes illustrate the variations experienced in thermal penetration depth when a person is in a developing room-fire environment characterized by increasing temperatures (Huang & Togawa, 1995).Considering that the mean thermal inertia of the skin is estimated to be, and the skin heat flux is steadily maintained, then at normal skin texture and pain threshold, the equation shown below wil be used to calculated when person should experience pain and a burn:Therefore, a person will experience pain at:The human skin will receive first degree burn at:The human skin will receive first degree burn at:Barotrauma is usually defined as a physical damage to tissues of the body tissues caused by a pressure difference between a gas space that is inside the body, or in contact with the body, as well as the fluid that surround it. In most cases the occurrence of barotrauma is instigated by an exposure of an organism to dramatic and significant ambient pressure change such as a free-diver, a scuba diver, or an ascending or descending of an airplane passenger. However, there is a significant relationship between barotrauma and Boyles law especially because there are significant pressure differences experienced when diving which result to barotrauma characterized by hydrostatic pressure changes.However, in this case the surrounding pressure is mainly characterized by two main components that act on the diver such as: the water pressure and the atmospheric pressure. Thus, descending 10 meters in water would lead to ambient pressure increase by an amount equivalent to the atmospheric pressure at sea level meaning that this will lead to the doubling of pressure acting on the diver. Therefore, this change in pressure acting on the diver leads to a reduction in the divers gas filled space volume by half (Ngo, 2007). This is a clear indication of how Boyles law is related to barotrauma since it describes the relationship between the pressure in the gas and the volume of the gas space as illustrated in the divers example.Moreover, since the Boyles states that an air-filled space volume will decrease proportionally with increasing pressure, and vice versa, this means that all the spaces around our bodies that are air-filled are usually affected by increasing or decreasing pressure in one way or another. This is mainly because as the surrounding pressure changes, a balance must be achieved between the pressure and the air-filled spaces in our bodies (Ngo, 2007). Thus, when we engage in activities that cause significant changes in pressure such as diving the most obvious body parts that are affected include the middle ear, the sinuses, and the lungs. Moreover, the air which is usually trapped under dental works that are faulty may lead to considerable discomfort while the air trapped in the gastrointestinal tract may also cause discomfort (Ngo, 2007).Computation of scaled range has been done for relatively long period of time for conventionally high explosive materials and it has also been extensively used to assess the effects of explosives on both structures/property and people (particularly primary blast effects) as well as the environment (Stoll, 1982).However, the computation of the scaled range has been done as follows (Ngo, 2007):The peak overpressures caused by spherical blasts have been estimated on scaled distance expressed by the equations below:Moreover, a relationship for the calculation of the high scale explosives maximum blast overpressure in bars is computed using the equation shown below:However, the scale range has being playing as essential role in these assessments where explosives range from low scale to high scale. However, with an increasing scale of an explosive the effects increases meaning that high scale explosives will tend to have significant effects compared to low scale explosives which not cause actual effect on a person, property or environment. Explosives cause physical harm to people while at the same time destroying structures as well as polluting the environment, but the magnitude of the effects depend on the scale of an explosive.Burton, A.C. (1935). Human Calorimetry: The average temperature of the tissues of the body. J 9(3), 261280.Fox, R.H., & Solman, A.J. (1970). A new technique for monitoring the deep body temperature in man from the intact skin surface. Journal of Physiology, 212(2), 810.Hardy, J.D., & DuBois, E.F. (1938). Basal metabolism, radiation, convection, and evaporation at temperature from 22 to 35 C. 15(4), 477492.., & . (2001). Observation of skin thermal inertia distribution during reactive hyperaemia using a single-hood measurement system. 22(1), 187-200.Huang, J., & Togawa, T. (1995). Measurement of the thermal inertia of the skin using successive thermograms taken at a stepwise change in ambient radiation temperature. 16(4), 213-230.Kurz, A., Sessler, D.I., Christensen, R., Dechert, M. (1995). Heat balance and distribution during the core-temperature plateau in anesthetized humans. 83(3), 491499.Ngo, T., Mendis, P., Gupta, A., & Ramsay, J. (2007). Blast Loading and Blast Effects on Structures: An Overview. University of Melbourne, Australia.NIST, (2013). Available at: (Accessed on 27th November 2013).Rajek, A., Greif, R., Sessler, D.I., Baumgardner, J., Laciny, S., & Bastanmehr, H. (2000). Core cooling by central-venous infusion of 4C and 20C fluid: Isolation of core and peripheral thermal compartments. 93(3), 629637.Stoll, A.M., Chianta, M.A., & Piergallini, J.R. (1982). Prediction of threshold pain skin temperature from thermal properties of materials in contact. 55(12), 1220-1223.Stolwijk, J.A.J., & Hardy, J.D. (1966). Partitional calorimetric studies of responses of man to thermal transients. 21(3), 967977.Xiong, J., Kurz, A., Sessler, D.I., Plattner, O., Christensen, R., Dechert, M., Ikeda, T. (1996). Isoflurane produces marked and non-linear decreases in the vasoconstriction and shivering thresholds. 85(2), 240245.