1- discuss some of the achievements and some of the deficiencies of the reign of sultan Abdul Hamid II.
2- discuss the reforms of Mahamud II (1807-39) Why did he initiate his reforms and what was the significance of his reign in breaking ground for the subsequent reforms of the Tanzimat period .
3- of the following names identify and give the significance and importance 1- Mustafa Reshit Pasha 2-Selim III 3- Midhat Pasha 4- Murat IV 5- Treaty of Karlowitz 6- Namik Kemal 7- Celali revolts