1. In science, a hypothesis must be A) a known fact B) testable C) derived from a theoryD) able to be proven absolutely true
2. Which of the following includes all the others?A) atom B) cell C) organism D) ecosystem

3. A carbon atom of mass number 12 and a carbon atom of mass number 14 areA) covalent B) compounds C) ions D) isotopes

4. A chlorine atom has 17 protons, 18 neutrons, and 17 electrons. The atomic number ofchlorine is A) 8 B) 17 C) 35 D) 52

5. If you place the probe of a pH meter in lye or sodium hydroxide (NaOH), it will readpH 14. Sodium hydroxide is A) an acid B) neutral C) a base

6. This polysaccharide forms fibers that are a major component of plant cell walls:A) glucose B) starch C) cellulose D) glycogen

7. Glycerol is a building block of A) starch B) enzymes C) vegetable oil D) DNA

8. Which of these types of molecules contain nitrogen?A) polysaccharides B) proteins C) phospholipids

9. Prokaryotic cells, with no nucleus or membranous organelles, are found inA) animals B) bacteria C) fungi D) plants

10. The main function of a ribosome is to A) extract energy from glucoseB) synthesize glucose C) store food in the form of fatD) synthesize proteins

11. Mitochondria A) package proteins for secretion from cell B) contain chromosomesC) are sites of oxidation of glucose to generate ATP D) synthesize proteins

12. The plasma membrane consists of A) a single layer of phospholipid moleculesB) a double layer of phospholipid molecules in which proteins are embeddedC) several layers of protein and carbohydrate moleculesD) a triple layer of phospholipids and carbohydrates

13. The movement of molecules from a region of low concentration across a membraneto a region of high concentration by use of ATP energy is A) active transportB) diffusion C) passive transport D) osmosis

14. The oxygen in our atmosphere is produced by A) greenhouse effectB) cellular respiration C) photosynthesis D) volcanic eruptions

15. Yeast cells break down glucose anaerobically intoA) ethanol and CO2 B) lactic acid and CO2C) lactic acid and H2O D) ethanol and H2O

16. The net energy gain from complete cellular respiration isA) 2 ATP B) 4 ATP C) 8 ATP D) 36-38 ATP

17. Carbon dioxide is released in A) the light-dependent phase of photosynthesisB) the Krebs cycle C) glycolysis D) the Calvin cycle

18. If the concentration of glucose in the water outside of a cell is lower than theconcentration inside, A) water will tend to enter the cell by osmosis B) water willtend to leave the cell by osmosis C) glucose will tend to enter the cell by osmosis D) glucose will tend to leave the cell by osmosis

19. What happens if a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?A) the cell will shrink B) the cell will swell and may burstC) the cell will remain the same size

20. Which of the following is not a characteristic of enzymes? A) they are proteinsB) they are used up in each reaction, thus need to be produced in large quantities s C) theyact on specific substances called substrates D) they speed up the rate of chemical reaction

21. Which of these does not have to be present for photosynthesis to occur?A) water B) carbon dioxide C) glucose D) chlorophyll

22. Each new cell produced by this process will have an identical copy of allchromosomes and genes possessed by the parent cell: A) meiosis B) mitosis

23. During the first division of meiosis, A) chromosomes separate at the centromereB) homologous chromosomes separate C) chromosomes become triploid

24. The number of chromosomes in a human egg cell is A) 4 B) 8 C) 23 D) 46
25. In the notation A = normal, a = albino, the genotype AA describesA) heterozygous B) homozygous dominant C) homozygous recessive

26. If two normal parents have an albino child, the genotypes of the parents areA) AA x Aa B) Aa x Aa C) Aa x aa D) aa x aa

27. A father with genotype IAIA and mother with phenotype IBIB would produce childrenwith blood type: A) A B) B C) AB D) O

28. A change in DNA base sequence from CATAC to CACAC would describeA) mutation B) replication C) transcription D) translation

29. Which of these processes does not occur in the nucleus?A) DNA replication B) transcription C) translation

30. tRNA molecules contain anticodons and carry amino acids to be used in this process:A) mutation B) DNA replication C) transcription D) translation

31. Exchange of genes between maternal and paternal chromosomes before the firstdivision of meiosis is caused byA) X-linkage B) crossing over C) replication D) cytokinesis

32. Which is not a subunit of DNA? A) adenine B) guanine C) uracil D) phosphate

33. A karyotype of an individual with Down syndrome has how many chromosomes?A) 3 B) 23 C) 46 D) 47

34. If a heterozygous male mates with an albino female, what percentage of albinochildren would be expected? A) 0% B) 25% C) 50% D) 75% E) 100%

35. A father with genotype IAIB and mother with phenotype O could produce childrenwith these blood types: A) AB only B) A and B only C) A, B, and AB onlyD) A, B, AB, and O

36. During DNA replication, an old DNA strand with base sequence ATCTGAGTAwould serve as a template to form a new complementary strand with the base sequence:A) TAGACTCAT B) ATCTGAGTA C) AUCUCUGUA

37. In peas, tall (T) is dominant to dwarf (t) and, on a separate chromosome set, purpleflower (P) is dominant to white flower (p). If Gregor Mendel crosses the genotypes TtPpand ttPp, what is the expected ratio of phenotypes in the offspring?A) 9/16 tall purple flowered, 3/16 tall white, 3/16 dwarf purple, 1/16 dwarf whiteB) 3/8 tall purple flowered, 1/8 tall white, 3/8 dwarf purple, 1/8 dwarf whiteC) 1/4 tall purple flowered, 1/4 tall white, 1/4 dwarf purple, 1/4 dwarf whiteD) 3/4 tall purple flowered, 1/4 dwarf white

38. Queen Victoria’s son Leopold had hemophilia, which is caused by a sex-linked recessive gene (Xh). Leopold lived to be 31 years old and fathered a normal daughter. What is the genotype of his daughter?A) XHXH B) XHXh C) XhXh D) XHY

39. Microevolution by genetic drift is more likely inA) large populations B) small populations

40. New alleles appear in a species by A) genetic drift B) mutationC) gene flow D) natural selection

41. Speciation is most likely when a huge continental population of a snail speciesA) undergoes genetic drift B) is forced north by global warmingC) is divided in two over the eons by the rise of a mountain range

42. The insect wing, bat wing, and bird wing areA) analogous structures B) homologous structures

43. Groups of organisms that interbreed in nature and are reproductively isolated from other such groups defines A) communities B) hybridsC) families D) species

44. Certain species of ants protect, and receive food from, certain species of acacia trees in the tropics. This exemplifies A) predation B) mutualism C) competition

45. The most important cause of species extinction due to humans in recent centuries isA) disease B) global warming C) genetic engineering D) habitat loss
46. Logistic population growth will level off at a number of organisms that areA) ten times the number in the original population B) the exponential lineC) equal to the number of niches D) the carrying capacity K of the environment

47. If the decomposers were removed from an ecosystem, the other organisms would  eventually die because A) green plants would run out of necessary minerals in the  soil B) green plants would lose their energy source C) herbivores must eatdecomposers D) decomposers release oxygen needed by the other organisms

48. The source of energy for an ecosystem is A) nutrients in the soil B) waterC) sunlight D) recycled energy from decomposers

49. Fungi are primarily A) producers B) herbivores C) carnivores D) decomposers

50. If deer are placed on an island with a constant, renewable food supply and a stable biological  community with predators, the growth curve after several decades would be described as aA) J-curve [exponential] B) S-curve [logistic]

51. Fats contain more energy per gram than carbohydrates or proteins because

A) fat molecules contain a lower percentage of carbon atomsB) fat molecules contain a lower percentage of hydrogen atomsC) fat molecules contain a lower percentage of oxygen atomsD) fat molecules contain a higher percentage of adipose atoms

52. John has type B blood. John’s father has type O blood. Mary has type A blood. Mary’s mother is type B. The possible blood types of John and Mary’s daughters areA) AB only B) A or AB only C) B or AB only D) A, B, AB or O

53. Colorblindness (Xb) is X-linked and recessive. Blondie is normal, and not a carrier,  but her husband Dagwood is colorblind. If their daughter Cookie marries a normal man, what phenotypes can Cookie expect in her sons?A) all normal B) 1/2 colorblind, 1/2 normal C) all colorblind

54. Professor Hotsun is studying a desert ecosystem containing fig trees, fig-eating rats, rat- eating snakes, and snake-eating lizards. Which organism in this food chain is considered the producer?A) fig treesB) rat-eating snakesC) snake-eating lizardsD) fig-eating rats.

55. If the fig trees in Question #54 produce one million kcal of energy, about how much energy would be contained in the population of rat-eating snakes?A) 100,000 kcalB) 50,000 kcalC) 10,000 kcalD) 1000 kcal

Here is a list of mRNA codons and their amino acids. Use this information to answer #56 and #57 :

AAU – asparagine AUC – isoleucine CAA – glutamine CAU – histidine
CGU – arginine CUU – leucine GAA – glutamate GAU – aspartate
GCA – alanine GGC – glycine UGU – cysteine

56. The sequence of amino acids of Arginine-Alanine-Leucine would be coded by this  sequence of bases on mRNA : A) GAAGCAGGC B) GUGCACAA C) GCACGTGAA D) CGUGCACUU

57. A sequence of bases on a DNA strand of GAATTACGT would code for this amino  acid sequence:A) Leucine-Asparagine-Alanine B) Aspartate-Glutamate-AlanineC) Glutamine-Cysteine- Histidine D) Leucine-Glutamate-Histidine

59. Your biology class is performing an osmosis experiment. You are given three identical stalks of celery and three salt solutions of varying solute amounts. The data table below compares the solute amount of the celery stalks to the solutions.

Solute Amount of the Solution Water Amount of the Solution

Solution A less than the celery stalk more water than the celery stalk

Solution B same as the celery stalk same water as the celery stalk

Solution C more than the celery stalk less water than the celery stalk

a). Identify which solution is isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic to the celery stalk cells

b). Describe what happens when the celery stalk is placed into each of the respective solution.

60. Dihybrid cross. The kernels (seeds) on an ear of corn are all offspring of one set of parents. There are 2 pairs of alleles on separate homologous chromosomes (purple or yellow kernels on one pair, plump or shrunken kernels on another). Yellow (Y) is dominant to purple (y) and plump (P) is dominant to shrunken (p). If the genotype of parent plants are YyPp and yyPp, what are the expected probabilities of the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring kernels? Explain your reasoning.

61. A population of grasshoppers in the Kansas prairie has two color phenotypes, with 90% of the grasshoppers green and 10% brown. Typically in the last century, the prairie receives adequate rain to maintain healthy green grass, but for the last decade the prairie suffers a severe drought and is also invaded by a bird that eats grasshoppers.

Briefly explain in terms of the four parts of natural selection listed below how the population of grasshoppers would be expected to change during the drought years.

overproduction –

variation –

competition & survival –

differential reproduction –

62. Describe an environmental problem that you feel is the most urgent worldwide. Which areas of the world are suffering the most from the problem? Propose a solution to the problem.

63. Describe three structures found in plant cells but not animal cells. Describe the function of each structure, and how each benefits plant cells but is not necessary for animal cells.

64. Explain why top carnivores, such as eagles and tigers, have low population densities in nature. Include processes of the energy pyramid (trophic levels) in your answer.

65. Apply your knowledge of the scientific method to design an experiment. We will use a real situation from my research project in Olympic National Park. There is no single correct answer to this exercise. Your proposed experimental design may well be better than the ones that I actually used. It is more difficult to design an experiment in the field than in a lab, because there are so many variables in nature.

Your assignment:

Using your knowledge of the scientific method, design an experiment to test this general hypothesis. Your experiment must include and identify a control group and an experimental group. You may modify the general hypothesis into a specific hypothesis, which is more limited and directly fits your experiment, if you wish. Explain how the data that you collect from your experiment will allow you to make a conclusion about your hypothesis (in your explanation, DO NOT make up imaginary results).

When considering your methods, you may assume that you have access to spruce seeds and any tools or materials that you might need to manipulate the environment for your experiment.