Describe the molecular changes expected to occur. Note whether the the mutation represents a gain-of-function allele or loss-of-function.

a. a mutation that makes it impossible to deoxyribonucleotides to bind to the polymerase active site of DNA polymerase I

b. a mutation in the coding sequence of DnaA in E. coli. The resulting DnaA protein can still bind DNA normally, but it can’t bind at all to other DnaA proteins.

c. a mutation in topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) that makes the enzyme unable to cut DNA