Critique the article attached which is about (Identification of Individual Cancer-Specific Somatic Mutations for Neoantigen-Based Immunotherapy of Lung Cancer)

Introduction:
Write an Introduction paragraph about the article. The length of an introduction is usually one paragraph for a topic review. Include a few opening sentences that announce the author(s) and the title, and briefly explain the topic of the text. Present the aim of the text and summaries the main finding or key argument. Conclude the introduction with a brief statement of your evaluation of the text. This can be a positive or negative evaluation or, as is usually the case, a mixed response and writers. Then Summary paragraph about the article.
The body include:
1. Summery (2 Paragraphs)
Describe the author’s intention, the main question/topic, the structure of the paper, the arguments/evidence, conclusions and further questions raised but unresolved in the text. Present a summary of the key points along with a limited number of examples. You can also briefly explain the author’s purpose/intentions throughout the text and you may briefly describe how the text is organized.

2. Critique and evaluation (3-4 paragraphs)

Discuss strengths and weaknesses features of the text, use criteria for evaluation:
significance/contribution
methodology/approach
argument/evidence
writing style/text structure

Include other sources (reference) to support the evaluation. (Especially in discussion)

Conclusion (1 paragraph)
Restate your overall opinion of the text
Briefly present recommendations
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Posted on May 11, 2016Author TutorCategories Question, Questions
7 Key Ethical Principles of Nursing Academic Essay

Here’s some good links to start with…..

7 Key Ethical Principles of Nursing

6 Key Ethical Principles of Nursing

Short Definitions of Ethical Principles and Theories – Familiar words, what do they mean?”

http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/EthicsStandards/Resources/Ethics-Definitions.pdf

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Step 1: Introduction

What are ethics?

Why are ethics important?

Explain what an ethical dilemma is, in general.

Explain that they happen in NP

What are ethical dilemmas?

It is important to identify ethical dilemma, conflicts so as to resolve the problem (mention the ethical problem of this case)

Preview…. (include the names of the ethical principles you will be discussing, and the names of the areas of the law, such as false imprisonment through the wrongful use of restraints)

Step 2: state the facts and the problem

Beth wants to walk around in her nursing home.

But Beth is falling and she may injure herself or someone else when she falls.

Nurses have tried explaining the danger to her

Nurses have offered Beth safe alternatives (eg. walking frame)

Beth understands that walking around her nursing home without assistance is dangerous.

Beth still wishes and does walk without assistance.

Her nurses want her to be tied to a chair with her belt so she only walks with assistance.

But Beth refused, so they lied to her that it was a new rule.

Problem:

In this scenario, the client’s nurses have decided to lie to Beth, and restricted her freedom, for her own safety….

Should the nurse have used the belt (a restraint) on Beth through deception, or not?

(right to safety versus VS right to freedom)

Should Beth be lied to about the belt, (that it’s a rule) so she agrees to it?

OR

Should Beth be allowed to walk unassisted, at risk of injury to herself and others?

Yes: because lying is less bad than her injuring herself

No: Beth’s freedom and nurse’s honesty are more important, so Beth should only agree to the belt freely.

Should the nurse have used the belt (a restraint) to help Beth with her safety?

(right to freedom versus VS right to safety)

Explain why this is an ethical dilemma.

Beth has the right to make her own decisions and to be told the truth, but her carers also have a duty to keep her safe.

(right to safety versus VS right to freedom)

Step 3: consider the fundamental ethical principles (such as beneficence).

Mention all of the principles.

(About 250 words)

Explain clearly how each ethical principle relates to the case.

Use language like this: the ethical principle of _________ means…

3 steps:

– definition of EP

– does Beth have the right to it? / does the Nurse have the duty for it?

– what should the nurses have therefore done, in terms of this EP alone?

beneficence

– to do acts of good for the other

– supports lying to use the belt on Beth, because it increases her safety (and that of others she may fall onto)

non-maleficence

– to avoid harm

– supports lying to use the belt on Beth, so she can avoid falls

– but also supports not lying to use the belt on Beth, if this act causes Beth to suffer (stress, fear, etc). Lying to use the belt on Beth may cause Beth to suffer (stress, fear, loss of trust… etc)

autonomy

– self-determination / the right to make own decisions

– Beth is an adult and is conscious / lucid / no signs of dementia, therefore has the right to autonomy …

So, supports Beth refusing the belt and find a way to keep her safe while she still walks about like she wants

veracity

– the duty to be truthful

– what does that mean the nurse should do for Beth?

– Nurse should not be lying to Beth

fidelity

– loyalty, fairness, truthfulness, advocacy, and dedication

– nurse supposed to support the patient

– Beth deserves to have her wish to walk about supported somehow, with some kind of solution…

Step 4: identify conflicts between ethical principles.

Which ethical principles conflict with each other?

Just do a summary: one group of EP on one side and another group of EP on the other

Give a sentence describing the conflicts generally

Give some specific examples (eg. autonomy vs beneficence)

Step 5: Consider the law / legal principles

Any professional decision needs to be within the law

Discuss the relevant law.
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Posted on May 11, 2016Author TutorCategories Question, Questions