Q1. Monarch butterfly populations are found east and west of Rocky Mountains. How can DNA fingerprinting technology be used to establish that they constitute one breeding population or two separate breeding populations?

Q2. Consider what will happen to a cell if an H+ ionophore causes a partial dissipation of the electrochemical gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane, reducing the gradient from 200 mV to 100 mV.

Would oxygen consumption increase or decrease? Will proton pumping enhance or reduce? Give answer in details.