Each of the statements below is a hypothesis about why individuals of a particular kind of moth pull their forewings forward when poked. For each statement, label it (a) if it is a proximate hypothesis and (b) if it is an ultimate hypothesis.

1. The behavior is learned.

2. Wing flipping scares some predators away.

3. The behavior is the product of a special set of muscle contractions.

4. The behavior is a modified version of wing movements that many moths use to raise their body temperature in order to begin flying.

5. The moth’s genes influence the way the adult animal’s nervous system forms connections between its muscles and its wings.