When the grand prince of Moscow, Ivan III, stopped paying tribute to the Mongol Khan in 1848, it was seen as significant because it 
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•  consolidated the Muscovy princes over all other princes.
•  symbolically declared Russian independence from Mongol rule.
•  led to a revolution in the Caucuses.

During the fifteenth century, the princes of Moscow expanded their land holdings by war, marriages, and outright purchases. Ivan III sought to consolidate his holdings through 
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•  generating violent wars and revolution among indigenous populations.
•  recruiting peasants and offering them freedom to settle in newly acquired lands.
•  a series of marriages to several different royal houses which owned land.

Ivan III reigned like the Byzantine emperors, which meant that he 
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•  was the head of the state and head of the church.
•  organized a liberal constitutional monarchy and made himself the head.
•  ruled through terror and fear with bands of peasants who carried out his orders.

The reign of Ivan the Terrible, the grandson of Ivan III, is important because during his rule, 
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•  church lands were confiscated for use of the state.
•  oprichniki, whose primary function was service to the state, were introduced.
•  his eccentric behavior led to the burning of dissenters in large frying pans in Moscow.

When Ivan IV died without an heir, the next fifteen years of wars and famine, known as the Time of Troubles, were punctuated by 
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•  fighting between factions who wanted to succeed Ivan IV.
•  the invasion of Russia by Poland and Sweden.
•  both of the above.

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In the aftermath of the Polish and Swedish invasion, representatives from around the country selected which man as the Tsar? 
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•  Mikhail Romanov
•  Peter I
•  Avvakum

When Peter I came to the throne in 1682, his primary agenda was to 
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•  initiate a plan of forced and rapid modernization based on western models.
•  consolidate his power by relocating dissenters in the farthest part of his country.
•  purge all foreign influence out of Russian culture and language.

The commitment of Peter I to modernization turned the Russia army into one of the largest in the world. Which tactics did he incorporate to achieve this? 
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•  buying surplus military men from other countries
•  extensive training, modern weapons, and better salaries
•  avoiding military conflict for many years in an effort to build up the military

When Peter I overhauled the Russian government bureaucracy, he 
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•  established the Table of Ranks which eliminated the privileges of nobility and reinforced the subservience of the people to the tsar.
•  created a pre-modern system of social security that included peasants.
•  decided to give tax breaks to foreign industrial powers that would re-locate in Russia.

In Russia, the policy of Peter I’s social reform included 
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•  cutting off beards of men and the abolishment of terms.
•  quicker and easier divorce laws for everyone, not just the privileged nobles.
•  redistribution of land to freed peasants and serfs.

With St. Petersburg, Peter I worked zealously to establish a modern capitol and used architects and designs exclusively from within the Russian population in an effort to promote Russian nationalism and pride. 
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•  True
•  False

In the Charter of Nobility and its parallel, the Charter of the Towns, Catherine II reinforced the image of the enlightened despot by 
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•  providing complete autonomy to all classes and provinces.
•  encouraging industrial production by providing tax breaks to reward individual initiative.
•  stopping short of granting complete independence to nobles in the towns.

After crushing the challenges to her rule, Catherine II launched a campaign aimed at expanding foreign and especially Western European influence in an ongoing effort to modernize. 
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•  True
•  False

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  .

Ukraine peasants, led by Bogdan Khmelnitsky, gravitated toward a union with Russia based on their 
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•  hatred of Polish landlords.
•  religious affinities.
•  all of the above.

The Polish-Lithuanian Republic remained unstable due to its poorly organized administrative and legal systems, and it posed little resistance when invaded by 
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•  Russia, Austria, and Prussia.
•  Russia, France, and Prussia.
•  Russia, Austria, and the German Federation.

During the various wars with Russia, parts of Poland were annexed. In regard to these territories, Catherine II initiated legislation called the Pale of Settlement which 
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•  prohibited peasants from living outside their traditional feudal boundaries.
•  prohibited Jews from living outside specified boundaries.
•  prohibited foreigners from living outside of specific cities.

In pre-modern Muscovite society, agricultural society revolved around 
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•  the peasant church.
•  the peasant family.
•  the peasant village.

Peasant women in pre-modern Muscovite society held considerable influence because they took the responsibility for 
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•  organizing labor on the family farm.
•  arranging marriages in the village.
•  promoting religious values, such as honesty and purity.

Contrary to their Western counterparts, Russian women often maintained control over their dowries after marriage. 
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•  True
•  False

During whose reign did the nobles gain the most power regarding their feudal privileges at the expense of their serfs? 
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•  Ivan I
•  Peter I
•  Catherine II

When Patriarch Nikon of Moscow and his followers initiated a series of reforms, they faced enormous resista