In Drosphila, vestigial wings (vg) are recessive to normal long wings (vg+), and the gene for this trait is autosomal. The gene for the recessive white eye trait (w) is on the X chromosome. Suppose a homozygous white, long-winged female fly is crossed with a a homozygous red, vestigial-winged male.

a) What will be the appearance of the F1?
b) What will be the appearance of the F2?
c) What will be the appearance of the offspring of a cross of the F1 back to each parent?