Q1. The doctor began testing Bob’s muscle strength by asking him to resist or contract certain muscles. When testing Bob’s quadriceps, the doctor placed his hand on Bob’s ankle and asked him to extend his knee. Distinguish between mechanical advantages and disadvantages in lever systems and find out which kind of lever the doctor was using to test quadriceps muscle.

Q2. Cattle and pig embryos “elongate” throughout the second week of gestation. Describe what type of growth elongation is and what the dissimilarity in elongation is between cows and pigs and three major placental membranes?