1. Acids act as

hydroxyl ions.
hydrogen ion acceptors.
proton donors as do bases.
proton donors while a base accepts protons.

2) A base has a pH that is

above 7.
equal to 7.
below 7.

3) The buffer system is essential for overall body homeostasis. What condition is due to an increase in blood pH?

acidosis.
alkalosis.
carbonic acid.
coma.

4) What is a neurotransmitter?

A chemical messenger that carrier signals from a neuron to a receiving cells across a synapse.
A chemical signal that is active at troponin active sites.
A hormonal signal that causes only muscle contractions.
An electrical signal that carrier signals from a neuron to a receiving cells across a synapse.

5) What is the neuromuscular junction?

A site where an electrical signal directly passes from a muscle to a neuron.
A site where an axon comes close to the cell membrane of a muscle.
A site where a dendrite comes close to the cell membrane of a muscle.

6) How does calcium relate to muscle contractions?

Calcium binds to tropomyosin and enables actin and myosin to interact.
Calcium binds to acetylcholine and enables actin and myosin to interact.
Calcium binds to actin and enables actin and myosin to interact.
Calcium binds to troponin and enables actin and myosin to interact.

7) The principal job of the human nervous system is to

store information.
provide for defense against pathogens.
facilitate communication among the body systems.
replace or repair damaged tissues.

8) The basic unit of the nervous system is

the neuron.
the brain.
neuroglia.
a nerve.

9) The single long process that extends from a typical motor nerve cell is the

dendrite.
neuron.
synapse.
axon.

10) At rest, a nerve cell has a high concentration of ____ inside and a high concentration of ____ outside.

calcium; phosphorus
sodium; potassium
potassium; sodium
acetylcholine; chlorine

11) For sodium to accumulate rapidly inside a neuron cell membrane,

there must be a dramatic increase in the negative charge of the cytoplasm
a voltage surge must cause the sodium gates to close.
a stimulus above the threshold must open sodium gates in an accelerating manner.
the wave of repolarization must occur to reestablish a resting potential.

12) Which is a junction between two neurons?

chemical synapse
Schwann cell
sodium gate
node

13) A deterioration in the myelin sheaths of motor axons to the lower leg would be expected to

have little effect because the sheaths are for insulation only.
cause immobility of the leg due to cessation of impulses to leg muscles.
remove the restraints to ion movement and speed up impulse transmission.
slow the rate of transmission and cause lack of motor control.

14) The two MAJOR divisions of the nervous system are the

autonomic and peripheral systems.
central and peripheral nervous systems.
sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
cranial and spinal nerves.

15) The autonomic subdivision of the vertebrate nervous system would innervate all but which of the following?

liver
intestinal muscles
skeletal muscles
heart

16) Which statement is true?

The sympathetic branch of the autonomic system usually speeds up the activities of the body.
Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems send nerves to all organs.
The sympathetic branch can have either excitatory or inhibitory effects depending on effects from the environment.
The sympathetic nervous system that supplies an organ will also provide parasympathetic nerves to it.

17) Information is processed and sensory input and motor responses are integrated in the

medulla.
pons.
cerebellum.
cerebrum.

18) Destruction of the motor areas in the left cerebral cortex results in the loss of

voluntary movement on the left side of the body.
sensation on the left side of the body.
voluntary movement on the right side of the body.
sensation on the right side of the body.

19) When it comes to memory, information is processed based on

route of input.
how much memory is already stored.
content.
relevance.

20) Although most hormones work at sites distant from where they are secreted, some work locally, such as

thyroid stimulating hormone.
luteinizing hormone.
follicle stimulating hormone.
prostaglandin.

21) The most common control mechanism to prevent overproduction or underproduction of hormones is

positive feedback.
opposing interaction.
negative feedback.
synergistic interaction.

22) Insulin and glucagon exhibit which type of hormone interaction?

synergistic
unrelating
opposing
permissive

23) The reason that some individual hormones have so many different effects is that

they influence gene transcription.
the hormone is carried throughout the body and only a small amount is needed to produce its effect.
they trigger a second messenger system that produces a cascade of effects.
there are a great many different cells in different tissues that have specific receptors for the hormone.

24) Which gland produces/releases hormones that have the widest range of effects on the body?

adrenal
thyroid
pineal
pituitary

25) The pituitary gland is controlled by the

medulla
corpus callosum.
hypothalamus
pons

26) If you were cast upon a desert island with no fresh water to drink, which of the following would increase in your bloodstream in an effort to conserve water?

insulin
oxytocin
glucose
antidiuretic hormone

27) A drop in blood volume would trigger the body to secrete

glucocorticoids.
insulin.
antidiuretic hormones.
parathyroid hormones.

28) Oversecretion of growth hormone in childhood results in

pituitary gigantism.
cretinism.
pituitary dwarfism.
diabetes insipidus.

29) You have just moved from Norfolk, Virginia (sea level), to Taos, New Mexico (high in the mountains), and you find yourself out of breath climbing a small hill. Three months later, climbing the same hill, you have no difficulty. In the interim you have not altered your level of activity or diet. Which hormone has been at work?

estrogen
aldosterone
erythropoietin
angiotensin

30) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

stimulates the absorption of calcium in the kidneys.
stimulates osteoblasts to digest bone.
stimulates the release of intrinsic factor from the digestive tract.
is secreted from the thyroid gland.