Five early adolescents in each program participated in the study. The young people ranged in age from 11 to 13 years and all were racial minorities. The three boys in the Manhattan neighborhood were of Hispanic/Latino origin and the two girls were African American. Conversely, the four boys in the Bronx neighborhood were African American and the girl was a recent immigrant from South America. Four adolescents in Manhattan had lived in their neighborhoods since birth and one boy moved to the neighborhood 6 years prior to the interview. In the Bronx, two boys had lived in their neighborhoods since birth whereas two boys had lived there for 8 years. The girl moved to the Bronx a year before the interview. In order to explore young people”s perceptions of their neighborhoods and examine which places and conditions are important to them, the adolescents participated in individual open-ended interviews supplemented by a mapping exercise and youth-led tours of the neighborhood (also referred to as neighborhood walk). Questions for the interview were based on previous neighborhood studies by Bryant (1985), Chawla (2002), and Spilsbury (2002).

What type of sampling was this study?