Exercise 4

Question 1

Question 2

Expectancy theory The expectancy theory is summarized as follows. First, the employee has to believe that effort will lead to performance.

Question 3

First, dWhen managers delegate tasks to employees, which is an empowerment strategy, subordinates are given an opportunity to negotiate and participate in the delegation. Secondly, in overcoming resistance to change, managers ensure that employees participate in decision-making for policies within the workplace that they might oppose. This participation also empowers subordinates to be part of the decision-making process. Thirdly, in overcoming resistance to control, .

Question 4

Question 5

A bureaucracy is an organization that employs a particular system of administration characterized by a hierarchy of authority, the division of tasks, rules of operation, and documentation of actions performed. In this system, when policies are made at the top, the bureaucracy system defines the rules and procedures required