Criminology

Human conduct that is in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or 1. a local jurisdiction that has the power to make such laws” is a definition of ______.

criminala. devianceb. crimec. criminology d.

The belief that crime is an antisocial act of such a nature that repression is necessary to 2. preserve the existing system of society is the basis of the ________ perspective on crime.

politicala. legalb. sociologicalc. psychological d.

The psychological perspective sees crime primarily as ______. 3.

problem behaviora. a violation of a lawb. an offense against human relationshipsc. an antisocial act d.

Which of the following behaviors is criminal only when committed by a child or youth? 4.

shoplifting a candy bara. drinking alcoholb. joyridingc. speeding d.

The pluralistic perspective suggests that behaviors are typically criminalized through ______. 5.

the existence of shared norms and valuesa. consensusb. the general agreement of most members of societyc. a political process d.

Unit 1 Examination

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GED 260 Criminology

________ is the field of study that is concerned primarily with the causes and consequences of 6. crime.

Criminalitya. Criminal justiceb. Criminalisticsc. Criminology d.

Which of the following crime reduction or prevention strategies is most characteristic of the 7. social problems perspective?

allocating federal funds to help states build and operate more prisonsa. a move to broaden police powers by increasing the number of exceptions to the b. Exclusionary Rule a government-funded initiative to enhance educational opportunities among low-income c. individuals rewriting state statutes to increase the severity of punishment for violent offenders, such d. as three-strikes laws

This book recognizes that crime is not an isolated individual activity but a(n) ________ event. 8.

economic a. social b. deviant c. political d.

An American visitor witnessing a crime in Japan may interpret the events differently than 9. someone born within the Japanese culture. This is an example of ______.

intercultural perspectivea. politicizationb. social relativityc. deviant perception d.

Ultimately, crime is a result of the coming together of inputs provided by all but which of the 10. following?

the mediaa. the criminal justice systemb. the victimc. society d.

Unit 1 Examination

33

GED 260 Criminology

Which of the following is a background contribution by the offender? 11.

a specific intenta. a genetic inventoryb. a drug-induced state of mindc. a peculiar motivation d.

The “evidence” in evidence-based criminology refers to ______. 12.

experimental scientific findingsa. social discussionsb. fingerprints found at the crime scenec. information obtained from witnesses to the crime d.

The ideas of armchair criminologists achieve acclaim in all but which of the following ways? 13.

the association of their ideas with institutions of higher learninga. publication in prestigious essaysb. the involvement of distinguished lecturersc. the systematic collection of related acts d.

A(n) ________ is a series of interrelated propositions that attempt to describe, explain, predict, 14. and ultimately control some class of events.

theorya. experimentb. hypothesisc. variable d.

Which of the following statements is an example of a theory? 15.

Poverty is a root cause of illegal drug use.a. Increasing job opportunities will not reduce crime.b. Requiring everyone to earn a high school degree will lead to a reduction in crime. c. Crime rates increased in the past year. d.

Unit 1 Examination

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GED 260 Criminology

After the results of a large research study on police procedures were publicized, the 16. researchers were interested in determining whether the study had affected police policy. The researcher telephoned a large number of big-city police departments and asked a number of questions about department policies and procedures. This is an example of which data-gathering strategy?

participant observationa. case studyb. survey researchc. secondary analysis d.

After research into the effectiveness of Project D.A.R.E. found that the program was 17. ineffective, publication of the research results was blocked. A representative of the National Institute of Justice stated that they did not agree with one of the study’s major findings. What ethical issue applies here?

data confidentialitya. protection of human subjectsb. informed consentc. objectivity d.

In a research report, the ________ is a brief summation of the findings of the report. 18.

analysisa. abstractb. prefacec. review of the existing literature d.

Which submission requirement tends to be the same for all professional refereed journals? 19.

the style of the referencesa. the amount of the submission feeb. a prohibition on simultaneous submissionsc. the method of submission d.

Early Roman law derived from the ______. 20.

Twelve Tablesa. Code of Babyloniab. Justinian Codec. Code of Hammurabi d.

Unit 1 Examination

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GED 260 Criminology

The belief that the natural human condition at birth is that of a blank slate is attributed to 21. ______.

Jean-Jacques Rousseaua. John Lockeb. Thomas Painec. Thomas Hobbes d.

Which type of crime would Cesare Beccaria be most likely to recommend be punished through 22. the use of corporal punishment?

inciting revolutiona. assaultb. treasonc. burglary d.

Jeremy Bentham’s ________ approach emphasizes the determination of behavior based on the 23. amount of pleasure or pain the behavior can be expected to produce.

positivista. hedonistic calculusb. common lawc. hard determinism d.

In routine activities theory, an individual who effectively discourages crime is known as a 24. ______.

suitable targeta. capable guardianb. defensible victimc. motivated offender d.

Rational choice theories have been criticized for ______. 25.

an underemphasis on individual choicea. a focus on biological bases of criminal behaviorb. an overemphasis on the role of social factors in crime causationc. an overemphasis on individual choiced.

Unit 2 Examination

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GED 260 Criminology

Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

Which of the following statements would probably not be made by a biological criminologist? 1.

A tendency towards crime may be inherited.a. Some humans may be further along the evolutionary ladder than others.b. Individual free will is linked to variations in crime rates.c. Biological differences between men and women may explain gender differences in crime d. rates.

According to positivism, how is valid knowledge acquired? 2.

the exercise of reasona. adherence to beliefb. rational deductionc. observation d.

The scientific study of the relationships between human physical characteristics and 3. criminality is called ______.

criminal anthropologya. phrenologyb. Darwinismc. biological theory d.

According to Lombroso, which category of offenders should include someone who was tempted 4. to commit a crime by a situational or environmental factor?

criminaloidsa. born criminalsb. atavistsc. insane offenders d.

The studies of the Juke and the Kallikak families emphasized ________ as the primary source 5. of criminality.

psychologya. ecologyb. environmentc. genetics d.

Unit 2 Examination

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GED 260 Criminology

Which of the following social policies was developed during the eugenics movement? 6.

territorialitya. selective human breedingb. chromosomal defensesc. situational crime control d.

According to Konrad Lorenz, much of what we call “crime” is the result of ______. 7.

overcrowded living conditionsa. neurosesb. free willc. body types d.

Which of the following is not a criticism of sociobiology? 8.

It fails to integrate biology into the basic paradigm.a. It does not identify the importance of culture, social learning, and individual experiences b. in shaping behavior. It does not properly depict basic human behavior.c. There is no rational basis for applying findings from animal studies to humans. d.

One concern with early biological theories is their dismissal of the concept of ______. 9.

positivisma. genetic determinismb. heredityc. free will d.

The purpose of the Human Genome Project was to determine the complete sequence of 10. ______.

MAOAa. XYYb. RNAc. DNA d.

Genes ________ human action. 11.

causea. produceb. enablec. determined.