Q. Signalling molecules can regulate transcription and as a result control cell differentiation during development. One signaling molecule, sonic hedgehog (shh), has been shown to regulate the dorsoventral patterning of the neural tube. a) In what tissue is shh produced and what is the evidence that this tissue regulates the […]

1) Explain the different steps of hemostasis, the formation of blood clots and the different mechanisms of clotting. 2) Describe the main functions of blood and its composition. 3) Describe the composition of plasma, and the function of the different components. 4) Explain the two different groupings of white blood […]

Drug X is used to suppress the secretion of CRH. Two patients with hypersecretion of cortisol are given Drug X. Patient A’s cortisol secretion level remains elevated, but patient B’s cortisol secretion level falls to normal levels. 1. Determine which patient has primary hypercortisolism (if any) and which has secondary […]

1. A very short physiology student is asked to measure the blood pressure of a very tall student. She decides to measure the blood pressure at the level of the tall student’s foot while he is standing (NOTE: she is not measuring blood pressure on his foot). After taking the […]