i) What are the most common microorganisms found in the nose? Oropharyx, Nasopharynx? Tonsillar crypts? Lower respiratory tract? Oral cavity? Eye? External ear? Stomach? Small intestine? Colon? Genitourinary tract? ii) Differentiate between common-source and propagated epidemics. iii) Why is cholera the most sever form of gastroenteritis? What is the most […]

Hemoglobin forms a tetramer and is responsible for binding and transporting both oxygen and carbon dioxide through the bloodstream. It does not possess catalytic activity. However, when the first molecule of oxygen binds, it causes a change in the shape of hemoglobin that makes it easier for the second molecule […]

1. Explain how capsules and cell wall components contribute to pathogenicity. 2. Discuss the causes of symptoms in fungal, protozoan, helminthic, and algal diseases. 3. Name the microbes that produce most of the antibiotics. 4. Identify five modes of action of antimicrobial drugs. 5. Describe inhibition of protein synthesis by […]

Microbiology Gene expression is regulated at many levels in bacteria. Figure 14.1 in your textbook displays a summary of regulatory mechanisms used to control gene expression. An overview of gene expression in bacteria can be found at (http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/SafetyHealth/AntimicrobialResistance/ucm134359.htm). We have been discussing antibiotic resistance in bacteria; now let’s look at […]