Mitochondrial ATP synthase comprises of several proteins, and some of these proteins are encoded by the genes in nucleus. One of these proteins is called S. A mutation in S gene deletes 21 base pairs which are immediately 3′ to the start codon. The mutant S gene is transcribed and […]

Q1. In birds, sex is determined by the ZW chromosome scheme. Males are ZZ and females are ZW. A recessive lethal allele that causes death of the embryo is sometimes present on the Z chromosome in pigeons. What will be the sex ratio in the offspring of a cross between […]

•Explain how an enzyme catalyzes a reaction. Include in your essay the three main steps of the cycle of enzyme-substrate interactions. •How is enzyme activity regulated by the cell?Reference Audesirk, T., Audesirk, G., and Byers, B. (2008). Biology – Life on earth with physiology (8th Ed.). San Francisco, CA: Benjamin […]

Q1. Hermann Kolbe’s synthesis of an organic compound, acetic acid, from inorganic substances that had been prepared straight from pure elements was an important milestone for what reason? Q2. The octopus eye is sometimes offered as an instance of a structure that is too complex to have evolved incrementally. What […]