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When gold beads were injected into a cell to see whether or not they could get into the nucleus itwas discovered that beads bigger than 9 nm in diameter (orbigger than the size of a proteinwith a molecular weight of ~40,000) could not get intothe nucleus. Yet we know thatsome […]

Q1. Activation of T cells requires that antigens be presented from antigen-presenting cells, not simply by exposure to the antigen in solution. What biological rationale may underlie this requirement – consider both from the perspective of how this can aid in the generation of a cytotoxic T cell response, and […]

Q1. The palomino horse is golden in colour. Unfortunately for horse fanciers, palominos don’t breed true. In sequence of matings between palominos, after that offspring were obtained: 64 palominos: 32- cream-colored, 32- chestnut (reddish brown) what is the possible mode of inheritance of palomono coloration? Q2. A 40 year old […]

The blood disease beta-thalassemia results from homozygosity for a defective allele in the gene coding for the beta hemoglobin subunit. Homozygotes for the beta-thalassemia allel die in childhood, while heterozygotes appear normal. This disease is common in the region around the Mediterranean sea, including the island of Sardinia, where malaria […]