Data Base 1: Hypertension biology essays
Objective: To determine whether or not the community self-management program is effective to promote health and reduce blood pressure level in patients with hypertension
Rationale In low-to-middle income country, hypertension is the leading risk factor of cardiovascular disease. Currently the prevalence of hypertension in upper middle income country, for example, China, is 25-30%. Effective community based strategies to promote health and reduce blood pressure level is critical to improve health status and prevent high incidence of chronic diseases.
Subjects Eligible subjects are patients with hypertension aged 35 and above. Eligible patients with hypertension in a rural District, Fangshan District, Beijing, were selected to participate in the intervention study. There were 300 people with hypertension participated in the intervention group. Control group data were not included in this data set.
Data 1. Health related data
a. SBP: Range score, 60-220 mm Hg
b. DBP: Range score, 30-120 mm Hg
c. Hypertension knowledge (assess patient?s knowledge in healthy diet, exercise, health behaviour, salt intake, anger control, smoking, alcohol intake): Range score: 0-8
d. Smoking
e. Diet habit
f. Vegetable and Fruit intake
g. Exercise (walking and jogging)
h. Hypertension management method
2. Demographic data: age, gender, education, income.
Intervention program Self-management skills Self-management skills:

Medication, diet, exercise, emotional control.
Length of intervention: 6 months.

Measurements:
SBP and DBP, knowledge of hypertension risk factors were measured at baseline (2011 March)

1. Reasonable range of SBP: 60-220 mm Hg
2. Reasonable range of DBP: 30-120 mm Hg
3. Hypertension knowledge score range (assess patient?s knowledge in healthy diet, exercise, health behaviour, salt intake, anger control, smoking, alcohol intake): 0-8
4. Smoking range score: 1-3
5. Diet habit range score: 1-4
6. Vegetable and Fruit intake: 1-4
7. Exercise: 1-4
8. Hypertension management method: 1-4

Demographic variables: age, gender, education, income.
The aims of the study are to:

1. Describe the characteristics of hypertension patients (age, gender, education and income).

2. Describe characteristics of outcome variables: SBP, DBP, knowledge of hypertension, health behaviour (smoking, diet, vegetable and fruit intake, and exercise), management
methods.

Your research questions are:
1. What are the demographic characteristics of hypertension
patients ?
2. What are the characteristics of patients in relation to their blood
pressure level, knowledge of hypertension, health behaviour
(smoking, diet, vegetable and fruit intake, and exercise)
and management method in preintervention
time ?

1. Variables: you need to identify-
? Demographic data: age, gender, education, income
? Blood pressure: SBP, DBP
? Knowledge of hypertension
? Health behaviour (smoking, diet, vegetable and fruit intake, and exercise)
? Blood pressure management method

Variables/measurement type for each variable.
(You need to describe the type of variable, ie., specify whether they are
dichotomous, nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio type for the variables)

2. Data management and data cleaning.

Please delete data are outside the range of the scores which were specified below:

1). Reasonable range of SBP: 60-220 mm Hg
2). Reasonable range of DBP: 30-120 mm Hg
3). Hypertension knowledge score range (assess patient?s knowledge in healthy diet, exercise, health behaviour, salt intake, anger control, smoking, alcohol intake): 0-8
4). Smoking range score: 1-3
5). Diet habit range score: 1-4
6). Vegetable and Fruit intake: 1-4
7). Exercise: 1-4
8). Management method: 1-4
9). Age: 35 and above

(REMEMBER THAT DATA CLEANING would be included as part of the
Process in determining the quality of the data ? Please check invalid values and
duplication of the cases). Please record every action you
will make and present the ID number and action you will take in a table (eg.,
deletion of invalid values and duplication of the cases). Please use table to list up
three columns: ID number, problems, actions

3. Descriptive Analysis: For each variable, choose the appropriate
numerical statistical summary and or graphical summary for hypertension
patients group, provide the results of statistical assumption (skewness and
kurtosis figures) if the variables are ratio or interval data type

a. Normality check. The distribution of the continuous variables need to be checked. This can be checked by using descriptive statistics analysis (checking skewness and kurtosis) (This is for you to answer research question only).

b. Conduct data analysis using SPSS and present data using publication format: please run descriptive analysis and then use either publication table presentation format or graph to present the results. Please justify the reason of your choice of data presentation method. You need to describe how you will present the data for each variable based on the statistical assumption check. The statistical assumption is normality check if the variables are interval or ratio data. If the variable does not show the normal distribution pattern, you need to present data using median and range (min, max). Please do not do any comparison analysis or association analysis for this assignment as you are only assessed for your understanding of descriptive analysis.

c. Interpretation of the results: Finally you need to describe the descriptive analysis results for each variable and explain what the results mean to audience using descriptive analysis method.
Database 2: Diabetes: Calculation Risk, Rate based on the given database

200 diabetes patients undergoing treatment were followed up in several large medical centers and observe how many patients developed cardiovascular disease over the 50 weeks. At baseline stage, none of the patients had cardiovascular disease.

Risk (incidence) and rates of cardiovascular disease with and without medication and lifestyle intervention (50 weeks intervention for intervention group, and no medication for control group)

Question 1: What is the risk (Incidence) of cardiovascular disease after 50 weeks intervention in both intervention and control group? (

Question 2: What is the rate of cardiovascular disease (based on the person-weeks) after 50 weeks intervention in intervention and control group? (Calculate person-weeks of observation first, then answer the question)

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